WALS Online

Language: English

Affiliation:	Indo-European, Germanic
WALS codes:	eng
ISO 639-3 codes:	eng

As recipient language

English vocabulary contributed by Anthony Grant

The map shows English in red and the donor languages in blue.

List of donor languoids (languages and families) that contributed words to English
Donor Languoid	Words borrowed into English
name	immediate		earlier
[help] Donor Languoid These are the names of languages and families from which the recipient language borrowed words directly or indirectly.	[help] Number of direct loanwords This is the number of words that the recipient language borrowed (or calqued) directly from this donor languoid.	[help] Direct loanwords These are (some of) the direct loanwords (or calques) from this donor languoid into the recipient language.	[help] Number of indirect loanwords This is the number of words that the recipient language borrowed (or calqued) indirectly, i.e. via another, intermediate donor languoid, from this donor languoid.	[help] Indirect loanwords These are (some of) the indirect loanwords (or calques) from this donor languoid into the recipient language.
Old Norse	59	sky, low tide, whirlpool, husband, sister, they, gill, reindeer, skin, leg [show all] , die, ill, skull, calf, wing, knife, scrape, egg, rotten, skirt, window, bark, hit, cut, knife, skin, sweep, cast, bag, raise, lift, crawl, cart, raft, take, get, give, low, flat, crooked, ball, Thursday, dirty, happy, anger, want, mistake, ugly, seem, shriek, scold, call (1), club, gun, bait, law, same, rag, netbag	1	call (2)
Old Persian	0		1	magic
German	0		1	booty
Middle High German	1	shrimp	0
Dutch	20	shore, swamp, mud, reef, blink, bamboo, split, rub, slip, wagon [show all] , sledge, trade, clock, brackish, (good) luck, mumble, sling, tea, pill, coffee	2	brick, dig
Phoenician	0		1	mat
West Germanic	0		1	roast
Portuguese	4	buffalo, banana, banyan, yam	0
Greek	5	church, television, telephone, bicycle, bike, motorcycle	53	air, match, calm, ocean, person, orphan, lion, elephant, crocodile, scorpion [show all] , squirrel, chameleon, chest, stomach, artery, earlobe, spleen, tendon, scar, pan, dish, olive, butter, wine, chair, lamp, citrus, pumpkin, cone, copper, anchor, place, hour, pain, jealous, blame, idea, school, paper, poet, govern, priest, demon, devil, idol, government, electricity, machine, police, postcard, plastic, music, bomb
Guugu Yimidhirr	1	kangaroo	0
Hebrew	0		1	sugar cane
Proto-Germanic	0		3	heron, hut, garden
Sanskrit	0		2	pepper, banyan
Norwegian	1	rug	0
Italian	1	plastic	3	carcass, brave, attack
Mapudungun	0		1	poncho
Algonquian (Powhatan)	2	opossum, raccoon	0
Kannada	0		1	bamboo
Arabic	0		8	sugar, alcohol, cotton, lemon, zero, mosque, mattress, coffee
Gaelic (Scottish)	2	trousers, clan	0
Late Latin	8	mill, pipe, mat, paddle, expensive, battle-axe, electricity, petrol(eum)	48	niece, quail, temple(s), disease, plate, saucer, dinner, sausage, cloak, dress [show all] , button, jewel, plait, chimney, mason, latch, mushroom, scissors, carpenter, chisel, chase, return, preserve, destroy, measure, corner, square, piece, clock, taste, touch, pinch, embrace, astonished, fault, praise, beautiful, easy, try, rule, citizen, battle, soldier, armour, ambush, sorcerer, tablet, train
Vulgar Latin	1	pan	1	approach
Middle Low German	14	shore, swamp, reef, lazy, shelf, split, rub, sledge, trade, brackish [show all] , smile, mumble, sling, pill	2	brick, shop
Malay	1	paddy	0
Tahitian	1	tattoo	0
Celtic	2	rich, down	2	car, carry
Taino	0		7	savanna, potato, hammock, maize, tobacco, cassava, canoe
Tamil	0		2	rice, orange
Middle Dutch	1	peg	1	brake
Middle French	15	ocean, person, scale, corpse, cure, doctor, spine, temple(s), footprint, spleen [show all] , scar, carpet, collect, sorcerer, mosque	0
Middle North Germanic	1	bat	0
Mikmaq	0		1	caribou
Min	0		1	tea
Latin	118	extinguish, orphan, relative, family, grandparent, animal, lion, camel, insect, centipede [show all] , termite, chameleon, chest, testicles, vomit, urinate, defecate, copulate, pregnant, pubic hair, artery, earlobe, molar (tooth), armpit, intestines, tendon, penis, vagina, vulva, pus, cook, kettle, dish, cup, fork, peel, olive, oil, pepper, cheese, butter, wine, cooked, silk, sock, cap, belt, pin, kitchen, wall, table, candle, ridgepole, post, camp, tan, pillow, cultivate, sickle, plant, pine, palm, citrus, plant, cone, copper, potter, fan, sculptor, statue, fan, turn, anchor, port, market, cheap, place, separate, cross, circle, divide, part, immediately, noon, Saturday, fragrant, anxiety, idea, stupid, school, explain, suspect, difficult, because, imitate, (be) silent, pen, master, prevent, prostitute, liberate, tower, adjudicate, innocent, circumcision, temple, altar, priest, demon, devil, omen, radio, hospital, bus, aeroplane, injection, motor, street	256	mountain, plain, valley, cave, lake, bay, river, forest, flame, soil [show all] , precipice, lagoon, cape, grandchild, male, female, marry, parent, grandfather, grandmother, grandson, granddaughter, uncle, aunt, nephew, cousin, ancestor, descendant, relative, divorce, cattle, poultry, male, female, pasture, stable, mule, cock, lizard, turtle, eagle, vulture, cormorant, dolphin, porpoise, (sting)ray, buffalo, corpse, cure, doctor, medicine, poison, mute, vein, spine, face, beak, palm, footprint, conceive, fever, goitre, boil, fry, pot, strain, mix, flour, crush, mortar, pestle, vegetables, fruit, fig, famine, grease, tailor, collar, veil, ornament, bracelet, necklace, handkerchief, hankie, brush, razor, ointment, mirror, tent, torch, arch, mortar, doorpost, farmer, fence, lasso, grain, branch, flower, vine, tree trunk, gourd, millet, chain, glue, forge, mould, paint, paint, press, carpet, move, turn around, roll, pursue, arrive, enter, push, catch, rescue, injure, damage, money, coin, poor, debt, pay, bill, tax, merchant, store, price, stay, remain, remains, collect, join, close, cover, in front of, round, line, similar, change, pile up, pointed, second, pair, count, age, finish, cease, autumn, season, sound, quiet, colour, spirit, surprised, grief, pity, cry, envy, proud, danger, faithful, deceit, falsity, pardon, pupil, remember, clear, obscure, secret, certain, sure, intention, cause, doubt, necessity, manner, study, betray, voice, language, reply, admit, deny, promise, refuse, announce, country, city, village, people, clan, chieftain, noble, slave, servant, order, command, obey, allow, enemy, stranger, host, custom, quarrel, plot, invite, peace, army, fortress, castle, victory, defeat, defend, retreat, captive, court, judgment, judge, plaintiff, defendant, accuse, condemn, convict, acquit, punishment, fine, prison, adultery, rape, arson, perjury, religion, sacrifice, pray, preach, fairy, post, nurse, pill, president, minister, driving licence, birth certificate, crime, election, number, letter, toilet, bottle, calendar, battery, address
Tupí	3	jaguar, tapir, toucan	1	manioc
Mongolian	0		1	silk
Germanic	0		13	stallion, scale, supper, soup, grape, headband, towel, blanket, pitchfork, dance [show all] , wages, blue, bank
Coptic	0		1	adobe
Nahuatl	0		2	coyote, chili (pepper)
Narragansett	1	squash	0
Wolof	0		1	banana
Dharuk	1	boomerang	0
Eastern Abenaki	1	moose	0
Spanish	17	lagoon, savanna, alligator, cockroach, mosquito, coyote, potato, chili (pepper), poncho, adobe [show all] , hammock, lasso, maize, tobacco, coconut, canoe, zero	1	cigarette
Welsh	2	baby, (sea)gull	0
Occitan	0		2	flute, trumpet
Proto-Semitic	0		1	camel
Frankish	0		2	war, guard
French	195	mountain, plain, valley, cave, lake, bay, forest, air, flame, match [show all] , soil, precipice, calm, cape, grandchild, marry, parent, grandfather, grandmother, grandson, granddaughter, uncle, nephew, cousin, descendant, divorce, poultry, female, cock, elephant, turtle, eagle, (sting)ray, scorpion, caribou, stomach, piss, poison, mute, vein, beak, palm, conceive, goitre, fry, pot, mix, flour, mortar, soup, vegetables, fruit, fig, alcohol, famine, grease, tailor, cotton, fur, cloak, dress, coat, collar, button, headband, brush, mirror, hut, tent, chimney, lamp, torch, arch, brick, doorpost, farmer, fence, dig, pitchfork, grain, rice, branch, vine, tree trunk, lemon, cassava, manioc, gourd, millet, pumpkin, chain, glue, forge, press, turn around, roll, dance, pursue, arrive, enter, push, disappear, preserve, injure, beggar, debt, barter, join, close, cover, in front of, large, round, line, similar, change, pile up, pointed, second, count, age, finish, cease, autumn, sound, touch, embrace, surprised, pain, regret, envy, jealous, brave, falsity, pardon, fault, blame, certain, cause, doubt, try, language, reply, admit, deny, promise, refuse, poet, flute, trumpet, country, village, govern, slave, order, obey, enemy, plot, invite, battle, army, fortress, attack, defend, surrender, captive, booty, guard, judgment, judge, accuse, convict, arson, sacrifice, pray, magic, government, post, brake, machine, police, driving licence, birth certificate, crime, election, number, letter, postcard, bank, toilet, cigarette, calendar, train, address, bomb	0
French (Anglo-Norman)	134	river, rock, male, female, niece, ancestor, cattle, male, pasture, stable [show all] , mule, lizard, crocodile, heron, porpoise, face, carcass, fever, blister, boil, plate, strain, crush, veil, pocket, ornament, jewel, bracelet, necklace, handkerchief, hankie, towel, razor, ointment, plait, mason, mortar, latch, blanket, garden, orange, mushroom, sugar cane, carpenter, mould, chisel, paint, paint, move, chase, approach, carry, catch, crouch, return, rescue, destroy, hurt, money, coin, poor, pay, bill, tax, wages, merchant, shop, store, price, stay, remain, remains, measure, corner, square, pair, piece, hour, quiet, pinch, spirit, astonished, grief, pity, cry, proud, danger, faithful, praise, beautiful, remember, clear, secret, sure, intention, necessity, easy, manner, study, betray, voice, announce, paper, city, boundary, people, chieftain, rule, noble, citizen, servant, command, war, peace, armour, castle, plaintiff, condemn, punishment, fine, prison, rape, perjury, religion, preach, idol, fairy, car, nurse, tablet, president, minister, mattress, music, battery	0
Old French	47	aunt, stallion, vulture, cormorant, dolphin, quail, squirrel, medicine, jaw, disease [show all] , roast, saucer, dinner, supper, pestle, sausage, grape, sugar, boot, chair, flower, scissors, damage, season, taste, colour, blue, deceit, pupil, obscure, allow, stranger, host, custom, quarrel, soldier, victory, defeat, retreat, prisoner, ambush, court, defendant, acquit, adultery, screw, bottle	0
French (Walloon)	1	rabbit	0

As donor languoid

The map shows English in blue and the recipient languages that borrowed from it in red.

List of recipient languages that borrowed words from English
Recipient language	Words borrowed from English
name	immediate		earlier
[help] Recipient language These are the names of recipient languages that borrowed words directly or indirectly from this languoid.	[help] Number of direct loanwords This is the number of words that the donor languoid contributed directly to this recipient language.	[help] Direct loanwords These are (some of) the direct loanwords (or calques) from this donor languoid into the recipient language.	[help] Number of indirect loanwords This is the number of words that the donor languoid contributed indirectly, i.e. via another, intermediate donor languoid, to this recipient language.	[help] Indirect loanwords These are (some of) the indirect loanwords (or calques) from this donor languoid into the recipient language.
Swahili	79	family, earwax, oven, sausage, soup, gown, coat, shirt, skirt, socks (pl.) [show all] , boot, glove, pin, earring, towel, brush, blanket, mortar, plough, spade, rake, oak, axle, bill, blue, helmet, fine, radio, television, bus, battery, hospital, sink, police, stamp, bank, screw, peppermint, plastic, bomb, calendar, film, music, gazette, number, brake, engine, machine, bicycle, sledge, boomerang, kangaroo, doctor, motorcar, aeroplane, train, make love, beer, cheese, collar, stove, gum, glue, fan, dance, corner, week, kiss, judge, jail, peppermint, savanna, jug, motor, school, license, ski, card, chalk	2	mail, Unidentifiable
Gawwada	0		9	quinine, coat, battery, radio, battery, police, bomb, film, bicycle
Hausa	93	oven, cup, fork, bread, tailor, yard, wool, linen, silk, coat [show all] , shirt, collar, skirt, Unidentifiable, boot, shoemaker, belt, button, pin, handkerchief, towel, comb, brush, razor, panty, tent, table, candle, counter, brick, block, „number two“, culvert, gutter, shovel, carpenter, hammer, gum, glass, chisel, paint, girder, tyre, anchor, hire, canteen, corner, line, change, empty, hour, saturday, saturday, colour, order, soldier, prisoner, guard, court, judge, church, father, church, radio, hospital, government, wire, pumpe, television, wire, telephone, bicycle, motor, bus, electricity, brake, engine, minister, license, number of motor, number, card, bank, rubber, calendar, film, coffee, battery, engine, petrol, address, screwdriver, bomb	3	doctor, pan, street
Kanuri	37	fork, tongs, coat, skirt, belt, towel, brush, grease, brick, tobacco [show all] , glass, paint, ball, order, soldier, club, helmet, prisoner, guard, pump, tea, tivi, bicycle, motor, bus, brake, doctor, president, minister, police, postcard, bank, cigarette, calender, battery, mint, bomb	36	pan, bread, tailor, yard, linen, silk, collar, jersey, razor, panty [show all] , tent, table, candle, counter, number two, carpenter, hammer, girder, tyre, canteen, line, colour, father, church, radio, gouvernment, wire, electricity, number, robber, film, coffee, engine, kerosene, address, screwdriver
Seychelles Creole	91	countryside, waterfall, ice, mummy, granny, mice, centipede, jaguar, buffalo, cock [show all] , fit, sik, snack, cooker, jug, brekfas, toast, dough, corn flour, mortar, grog, Guiness, stocking, pin, hairband, tatoo, floor, stove, blanket, shelf, beam, septic tank, spade, fork, oat meal, bend, adze, fly, drive, pocket money, coin, store, lock, top, hook, line, draft, blank, fifty-fifty, look see, check, exhibit, jammed ?, teacher, suspect, speech, ban, ball pen, boy, tobrouk, arrow, bren gun, helmet, fort, body guard, platoon, sentry, charge, bike, battery, nurse, matron, chairman, license, felony, airmail, sink, WC, can, tin, king size, plaintiff, business, kangaroo, boomerang, machine, plastic, bomb, cigarette, film, poncho	2	constable, nylon
Romanian	1	bic	4	bowl, sack, to box, banyan
Selice Romani	0		1	radio
Lower Sorbian	0		1	tobacco
Dutch	23	lucifer, baby, jaguar, kangaroo, alligator, opossum, have sex, lunch, lasso, banyan [show all] , yam, boomerang, boat, outrigger, paddle, radio, television, auto(mobile), bus, WC, plastic, film, train	0
Manange	7	match, plate, candy, pipe, government, petrol(eum), silk	7	reel, coat, school, motor jeep, bus, bottle, rail
Japanese	121	match, sex, oven, cup, spoon, knife, fork, tongs, sausage, soup [show all] , olive, milk, cheese, butter, mead, wool, felt, dress, shirt, skirt, belt, veil, pocket, pin, accessory, necklace, earring, handkerchief, taoru, brush, tent, door, lock, stove, bed, table, arch, mortar, shovel, oak, pipe, coconut, banana, yam, cassava, netbag, canoe, outrigger, fathom, zero, kiss, radio, television, auto bike, bus, toilet, mattress, can, plastic, brake, gasoline, engine, number plate, coyote, beaver, tumpline, boomerang, kangaroo, jaguar, hammock, chameleon, savannah, mosque, opossum, lion, penis, calendar, candy, wine, silk, coat, socks, stocking, boot, beads, rice, rope, hammer, mat, diving, boat, oar, mast, coin, idea, speech, pen, flute, drum, trumpet, stick, helmet, guard man, rape, aurora, initiation, camp, buffalo, range, frypan, bowl, fruit, nut, oil, slacks, carpet, paddle, hook, ball, pride, miss	6	religion, fairy, troches, anteater, electric train, electric lamp
Mandarin Chinese	4	motor bike, postage-stamp, bus, lemon	0
Thai	39	lagoon, savanna, raccoon, linen, fur, coat, shirt, boot, cap, tent [show all] , lock, barley, oats, oak, fir, boomerang, peg, canoe, bill, sling, brake, stamp, postcard, cock, plastic, idea, thivi, motorcycle, baterry, motor, police, bank, screw, toffee, plastic, cigarette, calendar, pipe, late	3	he, she, beer
Vietnamese	5	kangaroo, racoon, boomerang, radio, TV	0
White Hmong	2	T.V., motorcycle	0
Ceq Wong	0		4	stocking, radio, pipe, chocolate
Indonesian	27	opossum, flu, boot, tattoo, television, bottle, lasso, tapir, cormorant, toucan [show all] , jaguar, barter, pitcher, olive, gown, tunic, coin, ballpoint (pen), wine, TV, conspiracy, commercial sex worker, injection, bill, artery, lagoon, boomerang	8	duster, radio, automobile, bus, electricity, penalty, water closet, water closet
Malagasy	30	geese, rabbit, poison, cup, mill, awl, razor (? a razor?), carpet, addition, ball [show all] , nought, hour, school, pen, book, trumpet, temple, altar, demon, mill, pill, screw, screwdriver, duck, number, hell, to pelt, square, puss, pussy, rabbit	0
Takia	14	donkey, lion, camel, fig, olive, barleywheat, eleven, twelve, fifteen, twenty [show all] , adultery, temple, altar, fasting	229	snow, ice, matches, family, big belly, horse, rabbit, wild dog, monkey, elephant [show all] , honey bee, doctor, medicine, stove, frypan, dish, plate, jug, saucer, fork, tongs, breakfast, lunch, bread, flour, sausage, bean, honey, sugar, butter, wine, beer, thread, dress, coat, shirt, collar, skirt, trousers, shoe (if su < Tok Pisin), shoe boot, glove, pocket, button, pin, ring, ear-ring, mark, handkerchief, towel, brush, razor, soap, glass, lock, padbolt, key, window, bed, blanket, chair, table, candle, shelf, brick, farmer, shovel, rake, wheat, corn, rice, pipe, chain, knife, scissors, tools, carpenter, saw, hammer, anvil, gold, silver, brass, iron, ball, copper, carpet, chisel, bridge, wheel, shaft, yoke, ship, boat, anchor, money, tax, hire, China, market, store, scale, square, line, nought, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, one hundred, one thousand, second, third, Christmas, hour, clock, Monday, Tuesday/two day, three day, Thursday/four day, Friday, saturday, colour, rough, smooth, school, or, promise, paper, pen, book, country, town, king, queen, master, slave, work boy, free, army, soldier, gun, helmet, court, judge, plaintiff, defender, hold Bible, suspect, dismiss, guilty, innocent, court fine, murder, radio, TV, telephone, motorbike, car, bus, power, battery, house sick, sister, shoot, cock, basin, toilet, mattress, government, president, minister, police, driver's license, criminal, election, post, stamp, pass, bank, tin, screw, screwdriver, bottle, lolly, eye glass, plastic, bomb, workshop, cigarette, calendar, film, song, newspaper, address, number, train, brake, oil, motor, machine, wheel, street, number plate, picture card, tea, coffee, cut skin, kangaroo, buffalo, bowl, cup, spoon, soup, potato, salt, hat, headband, floor, pillow, lamp, grass, basket, mat, paint, five, rape, music
Hawaiian	180	savanna, marry, uncle, aunt/aunty, beef, sheep, jackass, mule, vulture, tucan [show all] , rabbit, opossum, lion, bear, deer, elephant, insect, centipede, scorpion, scorpian, mosquito, coyote, raccoon, squirrel, reindeer, elk, beaver, kangaroo, jaguar, chameleon, buffalo, frog, fever, doctor, cook, fry, oven, kettle, bowl, pitcher, spoon, flour, boil, pea, fig, olive, oil, pepper, chili, wine, beer, alcohol, tailor, linen, silk, rope, cloak, coat, collar, stocking, boot, shoemaker, swap, pocket, pin, bead, towel, brush, soap, room, lock, mason, Winship, plow, shovel, hoe, wheat, rye, oats, corn, rice, hay, oak, pine, fir, acorn, tobacco, palm, banyan, millet, manioc, broken, broom, hammer, Duco, gold, tin, potter, steel, paint, drive, wharf, wheel, anchor, dollar, bill, market, pile, line, hundred, thousand, half, hour, watch, believe, school, paper, pen, book, town, enemy, mosque, Gehenna, radio, TV, telephone, bicycle, motorcycle, engine, machine, gasoline, hospital, president, crime, letter, bank, sink, screw, screwdriver, candy, cigarette, newspaper, almanac, coffee, blue, yard, centigram, broccoli, beaver, retire, island, old man, deck, change, almanac, hire, hymn, whip, style, scraper, cream, damn fool, chat, tea, key, go away, swear, goodbye!, layman, let go!, man-of-war, New Holland, New Year, ballot, pay, spell, bishop, fiddle, feaver, boy	0
Gurindji	20	wedding, paddock, stockman, bullock, calf, piggy, goat, medicine, plate, dinner [show all] , supper, pepper, bunk, banana, buggy, work, store, washing day, mammam, government	10	wear, mend, mend, needle, work, buy, pay, sell, read, shanghai, Goodrich
Yaqui	0		1	pitcher
Zinacantán Tzotzil	0		1	Gillette
Saramaccan	1	Vick’s	2	scout, bicycle