English Vocabulary

by Anthony Grant

The vocabulary contains 1516 meaning-word pairs from the recipient language English. The corresponding text chapter was published in the book Loanwords in the World's Languages. The language page English contains a list of all loanwords arranged by donor languoid.

Word LWT Code Meaning Borrowed Status Source Words
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Word

The word is given in the usual orthography or transcription, and in the usual citation form.

Click on a word to get even more information than is shown in this table.

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LWT Code

The Loanword Typology code is the identifier of the Loanword Typology meaning. Sorting by LWT Code sorts the words thematically by semantic field.

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Meaning

This column shows the labels of the Loanword Typology meanings. By clicking on a meaning label, you get more information about the meaning, as well as a list of all words that are counterparts of that meaning.

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Borrowed Status

There are five borrowed statuses, reflecting decreasing likelihood that the word is a loanword:

  1. clearly borrowed
  2. probably borrowed
  3. perhaps borrowed
  4. very little evidence for borrowing
  5. no evidence for borrowing
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Source Words

For (possible) loanwords, this column shows the words in the source languages that served as models.

world 1.1 the world 5. no evidence for borrowing
land 1.21 the land 5. no evidence for borrowing
soil 1.212 the soil 1. clearly borrowed
< solum (Latin )
dust 1.213 the dust 5. no evidence for borrowing
mud 1.214 the mud 3. perhaps borrowed
sand 1.215 the sand 5. no evidence for borrowing
mountain 1.22 the mountain or hill 1. clearly borrowed
hill 1.22 the mountain or hill 5. no evidence for borrowing
cliff 1.222 the cliff or precipice 4. very little evidence for borrowing
precipice 1.222 the cliff or precipice 1. clearly borrowed
plain 1.23 the plain 1. clearly borrowed
< plānus (Latin )
valley 1.24 the valley 1. clearly borrowed
< vallēs (Latin )
island 1.25 the island 5. no evidence for borrowing
mainland 1.26 the mainland 5. no evidence for borrowing
shore 1.27 the shore 2. probably borrowed
schôre (Middle Low German , uncertain)
schôre (Dutch , uncertain)
cave 1.28 the cave 1. clearly borrowed
< cāva (Latin )
water 1.31 the water 5. no evidence for borrowing
sea 1.32 the sea 5. no evidence for borrowing
calm 1.322 calm 1. clearly borrowed
< kaúma (Greek )
rough 1.323 rough(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
foam 1.324 the foam 5. no evidence for borrowing
ocean 1.329 the ocean 1. clearly borrowed
< okeanos (Greek )
lake 1.33 the lake 1. clearly borrowed
lac (French )
< lacus (Latin )
bay 1.34 the bay 1. clearly borrowed
< baia (Latin )
lagoon 1.341 the lagoon 1. clearly borrowed
< lacūna (Latin )
reef 1.342 the reef 1. clearly borrowed
riffe (Middle Low German , uncertain)
riffe (Dutch , uncertain)
cape 1.343 the cape 1. clearly borrowed
cap (French )
< caput (Latin )
wave 1.35 the wave 5. no evidence for borrowing
tide 1.352 the tide 5. no evidence for borrowing
low tide 1.353 the low tide 1. clearly borrowed
high tide 1.354 the high tide 5. no evidence for borrowing
river 1.36 the river or stream 1. clearly borrowed
stream 1.36 the river or stream 5. no evidence for borrowing
whirlpool 1.362 the whirlpool 1. clearly borrowed
spring 1.37 the spring or well 5. no evidence for borrowing
well 1.37 the spring or well 5. no evidence for borrowing
swamp 1.38 the swamp 2. probably borrowed
swampen (Middle Low German , uncertain)
swampen (Dutch , uncertain)
waterfall 1.39 the waterfall 5. no evidence for borrowing
forest 1.41 the woods or forest 1. clearly borrowed
wood(s) 1.41 the woods or forest 5. no evidence for borrowing
savanna 1.411 the savanna 1. clearly borrowed
< sabana (Taino )
wood 1.43 the wood 5. no evidence for borrowing
stone 1.44 the stone or rock 5. no evidence for borrowing
rock 1.44 the stone or rock 1. clearly borrowed
earthquake 1.45 the earthquake 5. no evidence for borrowing
sky 1.51 the sky 1. clearly borrowed
sun 1.52 the sun 5. no evidence for borrowing
moon 1.53 the moon 5. no evidence for borrowing
star 1.54 the star 5. no evidence for borrowing
lightning 1.55 the lightning 5. no evidence for borrowing
thunder 1.56 the thunder 5. no evidence for borrowing
lightning bolt 1.57 the bolt of lightning 5. no evidence for borrowing
storm 1.58 the storm 5. no evidence for borrowing
rainbow 1.59 the rainbow 5. no evidence for borrowing
light 1.61 the light 5. no evidence for borrowing
darkness 1.62 the darkness 5. no evidence for borrowing
shadow 1.63 the shade or shadow 5. no evidence for borrowing
shade 1.63 the shade or shadow 5. no evidence for borrowing
dew 1.64 the dew 5. no evidence for borrowing
air 1.71 the air 1. clearly borrowed
air (French )
< aēr (Greek )
wind 1.72 the wind 5. no evidence for borrowing
cloud 1.73 the cloud 5. no evidence for borrowing
fog 1.74 the fog 5. no evidence for borrowing
rain 1.75 the rain 5. no evidence for borrowing
snow 1.76 the snow 5. no evidence for borrowing
ice 1.77 the ice 5. no evidence for borrowing
northern lights 1.771 the arctic lights 5. no evidence for borrowing
freeze 1.775 to freeze 5. no evidence for borrowing
weather 1.78 the weather 5. no evidence for borrowing
fire 1.81 the fire 5. no evidence for borrowing
flame 1.82 the flame 1. clearly borrowed
< flamma (Latin )
smoke 1.83 the smoke 5. no evidence for borrowing
steam 1.831 the steam 5. no evidence for borrowing
ash 1.84 the ash 5. no evidence for borrowing
embers 1.841 the embers 5. no evidence for borrowing
burn 1.851 to burn(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
burn 1.852 to burn(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
light 1.86 to light 5. no evidence for borrowing
extinguish 1.861 to extinguish 1. clearly borrowed
match 1.87 the match 1. clearly borrowed
< múxā (Greek )
firewood 1.88 the firewood 5. no evidence for borrowing
charcoal 1.89 the charcoal 5. no evidence for borrowing
person 2.1 the person 1. clearly borrowed
man 2.21 the man 5. no evidence for borrowing
woman 2.22 the woman 5. no evidence for borrowing
male 2.23 male(1) 1. clearly borrowed
female 2.24 female(1) 1. clearly borrowed
boy 2.25 the boy 4. very little evidence for borrowing
girl 2.26 the girl 5. no evidence for borrowing
child 2.27 the child(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
baby 2.28 the baby 4. very little evidence for borrowing
husband 2.31 the husband 1. clearly borrowed
wife 2.32 the wife 5. no evidence for borrowing
marry 2.33 to marry 1. clearly borrowed
wedding 2.34 the wedding 5. no evidence for borrowing
divorce 2.341 the divorce 1. clearly borrowed
father 2.35 the father 5. no evidence for borrowing
mother 2.36 the mother 5. no evidence for borrowing
parent 2.37 the parents 1. clearly borrowed
son 2.41 the son 5. no evidence for borrowing
daughter 2.42 the daughter 5. no evidence for borrowing
child 2.43 the child(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
brother 2.44 the brother 5. no evidence for borrowing
sister 2.45 the sister 2. probably borrowed
sibling 2.456 the sibling 5. no evidence for borrowing
twins 2.458 the twins 5. no evidence for borrowing
grandfather 2.46 the grandfather 1. clearly borrowed
< grandis (Latin )
old man 2.461 the old man 5. no evidence for borrowing
grandmother 2.47 the grandmother 1. clearly borrowed
< grandis (Latin )
old woman 2.471 the old woman 5. no evidence for borrowing
grandparent 2.4711 the grandparents 1. clearly borrowed
grandson 2.48 the grandson 1. clearly borrowed
< grandis (Latin )
granddaughter 2.49 the granddaughter 1. clearly borrowed
< grandis (Latin )
grandchild 2.5 the grandchild 5. no evidence for borrowing
< grandis (Latin )
uncle 2.51 the uncle 1. clearly borrowed
aunt 2.52 the aunt 1. clearly borrowed
< amita (Latin )
nephew 2.53 the nephew 2. probably borrowed
niece 2.54 the niece 1. clearly borrowed
cousin 2.55 the cousin 1. clearly borrowed
ancestor 2.56 the ancestors 1. clearly borrowed
descendant 2.57 the descendants 1. clearly borrowed
father-in-law 2.61 the father-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
mother-in-law 2.62 the mother-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
son-in-law 2.63 the son-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
daughter-in-law 2.64 the daughter-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
stepfather 2.71 the stepfather 5. no evidence for borrowing
stepmother 2.72 the stepmother 5. no evidence for borrowing
stepson 2.73 the stepson 5. no evidence for borrowing
stepdaughter 2.74 the stepdaughter 5. no evidence for borrowing
orphan 2.75 the orphan 1. clearly borrowed
widow 2.76 the widow 5. no evidence for borrowing
widower 2.77 the widower 5. no evidence for borrowing
relative 2.81 the relatives 1. clearly borrowed
family 2.82 the family 1. clearly borrowed
I 2.91 I 5. no evidence for borrowing
you 2.92 you (singular) 5. no evidence for borrowing
he 2.931 he 5. no evidence for borrowing
she 2.932 she 5. no evidence for borrowing
it 2.933 it 5. no evidence for borrowing
we 2.94 we 5. no evidence for borrowing
you 2.95 you (plural) 5. no evidence for borrowing
they 2.96 they 1. clearly borrowed
animal 3.11 the animal 1. clearly borrowed
male 3.12 male(2) 1. clearly borrowed
female 3.13 female(2) 1. clearly borrowed
livestock 3.15 the livestock 5. no evidence for borrowing
pasture 3.16 the pasture 1. clearly borrowed
< pastura (Latin )
herdsman 3.18 the herdsman 5. no evidence for borrowing
stable 3.19 the stable or stall 1. clearly borrowed
stall 3.19 the stable or stall 5. no evidence for borrowing
cattle 3.2 the cattle 1. clearly borrowed
bull 3.21 the bull 5. no evidence for borrowing
ox 3.22 the ox 5. no evidence for borrowing
cow 3.23 the cow 5. no evidence for borrowing
calf 3.24 the calf 5. no evidence for borrowing
sheep 3.25 the sheep 5. no evidence for borrowing
ram 3.26 the ram 5. no evidence for borrowing
ewe 3.28 the ewe 5. no evidence for borrowing
lamb 3.29 the lamb 5. no evidence for borrowing
boar 3.32 the boar 5. no evidence for borrowing
sow 3.34 the sow 5. no evidence for borrowing
pig 3.35 the pig 5. no evidence for borrowing
goat 3.36 the goat 5. no evidence for borrowing
billy-goat 3.37 the he-goat 5. no evidence for borrowing
kid 3.38 the kid 5. no evidence for borrowing
horse 3.41 the horse 5. no evidence for borrowing
stallion 3.42 the stallion 1. clearly borrowed
mare 3.44 the mare 5. no evidence for borrowing
foal 3.45 the foal or colt 5. no evidence for borrowing
colt 3.45 the foal or colt 5. no evidence for borrowing
donkey 3.46 the donkey 5. no evidence for borrowing
mule 3.47 the mule 1. clearly borrowed
< mūlus (Latin )
poultry 3.5 the fowl 1. clearly borrowed
< pullus (Latin )
cock 3.52 the cock/rooster 3. perhaps borrowed
coq (French )
< coccus (Latin )
rooster 3.52 the cock/rooster 5. no evidence for borrowing
hen 3.54 the hen 5. no evidence for borrowing
chicken 3.55 the chicken 5. no evidence for borrowing
goose 3.56 the goose 5. no evidence for borrowing
duck 3.57 the duck 5. no evidence for borrowing
nest 3.58 the nest 5. no evidence for borrowing
bird 3.581 the bird 5. no evidence for borrowing
(sea)gull 3.582 the seagull 1. clearly borrowed
heron 3.583 the heron 1. clearly borrowed
eagle 3.584 the eagle 1. clearly borrowed
< aquila (Latin )
hawk 3.585 the hawk 5. no evidence for borrowing
vulture 3.586 the vulture 1. clearly borrowed
< vultur (Latin )
bat 3.591 the bat 2. probably borrowed
parrot 3.592 the parrot 2. probably borrowed
crow 3.593 the crow 5. no evidence for borrowing
dove 3.594 the dove 5. no evidence for borrowing
owl 3.596 the owl 5. no evidence for borrowing
cormorant 3.597 the cormorant 1. clearly borrowed
toucan 3.598 the toucan 1. clearly borrowed
dog 3.61 the dog 5. no evidence for borrowing
rabbit 3.614 the rabbit 3. perhaps borrowed
cat 3.62 the cat 3. perhaps borrowed
opossum 3.622 the opossum 1. clearly borrowed
mouse 3.63 the mouse or rat 5. no evidence for borrowing
rat 3.63 the mouse or rat 4. very little evidence for borrowing
fish 3.65 the fish 5. no evidence for borrowing
fin 3.652 the fin 5. no evidence for borrowing
scale 3.653 the scale 1. clearly borrowed
gill 3.654 the gill 2. probably borrowed
shell 3.655 the shell 5. no evidence for borrowing
shark 3.661 the shark 5. no evidence for borrowing
dolphin 3.662 the porpoise or dolphin 1. clearly borrowed
porpoise 3.662 the porpoise or dolphin 1. clearly borrowed
whale 3.663 the whale 3. perhaps borrowed
(sting)ray 3.664 the stingray 1. clearly borrowed
< raia (Latin )
eel 3.665 the freshwater eel 5. no evidence for borrowing
wolf 3.71 the wolf 5. no evidence for borrowing
lion 3.72 the lion 1. clearly borrowed
leō (Latin )
< leōn (Greek )
bear 3.73 the bear 5. no evidence for borrowing
fox 3.74 the fox 5. no evidence for borrowing
deer 3.75 the deer 5. no evidence for borrowing
monkey 3.76 the monkey 4. very little evidence for borrowing
elephant 3.77 the elephant 1. clearly borrowed
camel 3.78 the camel 1. clearly borrowed
insect 3.81 the insect 1. clearly borrowed
louse 3.811 the head louse 5. no evidence for borrowing
nit 3.812 the nit 5. no evidence for borrowing
flea 3.813 the flea 5. no evidence for borrowing
centipede 3.814 the centipede 1. clearly borrowed
scorpion 3.815 the scorpion 1. clearly borrowed
cockroach 3.816 the cockroach 1. clearly borrowed
ant 3.817 the ant 5. no evidence for borrowing
spider 3.818 the spider 5. no evidence for borrowing
web 3.819 the spider web 5. no evidence for borrowing
bee 3.82 the bee 5. no evidence for borrowing
wax 3.821 the beeswax 5. no evidence for borrowing
hive 3.822 the beehive 5. no evidence for borrowing
wasp 3.823 the wasp 5. no evidence for borrowing
fly 3.83 the fly 5. no evidence for borrowing
midge 3.831 the sandfly or midge or gnat 5. no evidence for borrowing
gnat 3.831 the sandfly or midge or gnat 5. no evidence for borrowing
mosquito 3.832 the mosquito 1. clearly borrowed
prawn 3.833 the prawns or shrimp 5. no evidence for borrowing
shrimp 3.833 the prawns or shrimp 3. perhaps borrowed
termite 3.834 the termites 1. clearly borrowed
tick 3.835 the tick 5. no evidence for borrowing
worm 3.84 the worm 5. no evidence for borrowing
snake 3.85 the snake 5. no evidence for borrowing
coyote 3.862 the coyote 1. clearly borrowed
hare 3.863 the hare 5. no evidence for borrowing
quail 3.865 the quail 1. clearly borrowed
raccoon 3.866 the raccoon 1. clearly borrowed
squirrel 3.869 the squirrel 1. clearly borrowed
reindeer 3.871 the reindeer/caribou 1. clearly borrowed
caribou 3.871 the reindeer/caribou 1. clearly borrowed
< qalipu (Mikmaq )
elk 3.872 the elk/moose 5. no evidence for borrowing
moose 3.872 the elk/moose 1. clearly borrowed
beaver 3.873 the beaver 5. no evidence for borrowing
kangaroo 3.88 the kangaroo 1. clearly borrowed
anteater 3.89 the anteater 5. no evidence for borrowing
jaguar 3.9 the jaguar 1. clearly borrowed
firefly 3.91 the firefly 5. no evidence for borrowing
chameleon 3.913 the chameleon 1. clearly borrowed
buffalo 3.917 the buffalo 1. clearly borrowed
butterfly 3.92 the butterfly 5. no evidence for borrowing
grasshopper 3.93 the grasshopper 5. no evidence for borrowing
snail 3.94 the snail 5. no evidence for borrowing
frog 3.95 the frog 5. no evidence for borrowing
lizard 3.96 the lizard 1. clearly borrowed
crocodile 3.97 the crocodile or alligator 1. clearly borrowed
alligator 3.97 the crocodile or alligator 1. clearly borrowed
turtle 3.98 the turtle 1. clearly borrowed
tapir 3.99 the tapir 1. clearly borrowed
body 4.11 the body 5. no evidence for borrowing
skin 4.12 the skin or hide 1. clearly borrowed
hide 4.12 the skin or hide 5. no evidence for borrowing
flesh 4.13 the flesh 5. no evidence for borrowing
hair 4.14 the hair 5. no evidence for borrowing
beard 4.142 the beard 5. no evidence for borrowing
pubic hair 4.145 the pubic hair 1. clearly borrowed
dandruff 4.146 the dandruff 5. no evidence for borrowing
blood 4.15 the blood 5. no evidence for borrowing
vein 4.151 the vein or artery 1. clearly borrowed
< vēna (Latin )
artery 4.151 the vein or artery 1. clearly borrowed
bone 4.16 the bone 5. no evidence for borrowing
rib 4.162 the rib 5. no evidence for borrowing
horn 4.17 the horn 5. no evidence for borrowing
tail 4.18 the tail 5. no evidence for borrowing
back 4.19 the back 5. no evidence for borrowing
spine 4.191 the spine 1. clearly borrowed
< spīna (Latin )
head 4.2 the head 5. no evidence for borrowing
temple(s) 4.201 the temples 1. clearly borrowed
skull 4.202 the skull 3. perhaps borrowed
brain 4.203 the brain 5. no evidence for borrowing
face 4.204 the face 1. clearly borrowed
< faciēs (Latin )
forehead 4.205 the forehead 5. no evidence for borrowing
jaw 4.207 the jaw 1. clearly borrowed
cheek 4.208 the cheek 5. no evidence for borrowing
chin 4.209 the chin 5. no evidence for borrowing
eye 4.21 the eye 5. no evidence for borrowing
eyebrow 4.212 the eyebrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
eyelid 4.213 the eyelid 5. no evidence for borrowing
eyelash 4.214 the eyelash 5. no evidence for borrowing
blink 4.215 to blink 3. perhaps borrowed
ear 4.22 the ear 5. no evidence for borrowing
earlobe 4.221 the earlobe 1. clearly borrowed
< lobos (Greek )
earwax 4.222 the earwax 5. no evidence for borrowing
nose 4.23 the nose 5. no evidence for borrowing
nostril 4.231 the nostril 5. no evidence for borrowing
snot 4.232 the nasal mucus 5. no evidence for borrowing
mouth 4.24 the mouth 5. no evidence for borrowing
beak 4.241 the beak 1. clearly borrowed
bec (French )
< beccus (Latin )
lip 4.25 the lip 5. no evidence for borrowing
tongue 4.26 the tongue 5. no evidence for borrowing
tooth 4.27 the tooth 5. no evidence for borrowing
gums 4.271 the gums 5. no evidence for borrowing
molar (tooth) 4.272 the molar tooth 1. clearly borrowed
neck 4.28 the neck 5. no evidence for borrowing
nape 4.281 the nape of the neck 5. no evidence for borrowing
throat 4.29 the throat 5. no evidence for borrowing
shoulder 4.3 the shoulder 5. no evidence for borrowing
shoulderblade 4.301 the shoulderblade 5. no evidence for borrowing
collarbone 4.302 the collarbone 5. no evidence for borrowing
arm 4.31 the arm 5. no evidence for borrowing
armpit 4.312 the armpit 1. clearly borrowed
elbow 4.32 the elbow 5. no evidence for borrowing
wrist 4.321 the wrist 5. no evidence for borrowing
hand 4.33 the hand 5. no evidence for borrowing
palm 4.331 the palm of the hand 1. clearly borrowed
< palma (Latin )
finger 4.34 the finger 5. no evidence for borrowing
thumb 4.342 the thumb 5. no evidence for borrowing
(finger)nail 4.344 the fingernail 5. no evidence for borrowing
claw 4.345 the claw 5. no evidence for borrowing
leg 4.35 the leg 1. clearly borrowed
thigh 4.351 the thigh 5. no evidence for borrowing
calf 4.352 the calf of the leg 2. probably borrowed
knee 4.36 the knee 5. no evidence for borrowing
foot 4.37 the foot 5. no evidence for borrowing
ankle 4.371 the ankle 5. no evidence for borrowing
heel 4.372 the heel 5. no evidence for borrowing
footprint 4.374 the footprint 1. clearly borrowed
< premere (Latin )
toe 4.38 the toe 5. no evidence for borrowing
wing 4.392 the wing 1. clearly borrowed
feather 4.393 the feather 5. no evidence for borrowing
chest 4.4 the chest 1. clearly borrowed
< kistē (Greek )
breast 4.41 the breast 5. no evidence for borrowing
nipple 4.412 the nipple or teat 5. no evidence for borrowing
teat 4.412 the nipple or teat 5. no evidence for borrowing
udder 4.42 the udder 5. no evidence for borrowing
navel 4.43 the navel 5. no evidence for borrowing
belly 4.431 the belly 5. no evidence for borrowing
heart 4.44 the heart 5. no evidence for borrowing
lung 4.441 the lung 5. no evidence for borrowing
liver 4.45 the liver 5. no evidence for borrowing
kidney 4.451 the kidney 5. no evidence for borrowing
spleen 4.452 the spleen 1. clearly borrowed
< splēn (Greek )
stomach 4.46 the stomach 1. clearly borrowed
guts 4.461 the intestines or guts 5. no evidence for borrowing
intestines 4.461 the intestines or guts 1. clearly borrowed
waist 4.462 the waist 5. no evidence for borrowing
hip 4.463 the hip 5. no evidence for borrowing
buttocks 4.464 the buttocks 5. no evidence for borrowing
arse 4.464 the buttocks 5. no evidence for borrowing
sinew 4.465 the sinew or tendon 5. no evidence for borrowing
tendon 4.465 the sinew or tendon 1. clearly borrowed
< tēnōn (Greek )
womb 4.47 the womb 5. no evidence for borrowing
testicles 4.49 the testicles 1. clearly borrowed
penis 4.492 the penis 1. clearly borrowed
vagina 4.493 the vagina 1. clearly borrowed
vulva 4.494 the vulva 1. clearly borrowed
breathe 4.51 to breathe 5. no evidence for borrowing
yawn 4.52 to yawn 5. no evidence for borrowing
hiccough 4.521 to hiccough 5. no evidence for borrowing
cough 4.53 to cough 5. no evidence for borrowing
sneeze 4.54 to sneeze 5. no evidence for borrowing
sweat 4.55 to perspire 5. no evidence for borrowing
spit 4.56 to spit 5. no evidence for borrowing
vomit 4.57 to vomit 1. clearly borrowed
puke 4.57 to vomit 5. no evidence for borrowing
bite 4.58 to bite 5. no evidence for borrowing
lick 4.59 to lick 5. no evidence for borrowing
dribble 4.591 to dribble 5. no evidence for borrowing
sleep 4.61 to sleep 5. no evidence for borrowing
snore 4.612 to snore 5. no evidence for borrowing
dream 4.62 to dream 5. no evidence for borrowing
wake (up) 4.63 to wake up 5. no evidence for borrowing
fart 4.64 to fart 5. no evidence for borrowing
piss 4.65 to piss 2. probably borrowed
urinate 4.65 to piss 1. clearly borrowed
shit 4.66 to shit 5. no evidence for borrowing
defecate 4.66 to shit 1. clearly borrowed
fuck 4.67 to have sex 5. no evidence for borrowing
make love 4.67 to have sex 5. no evidence for borrowing
copulate 4.67 to have sex 1. clearly borrowed
shiver 4.68 to shiver 5. no evidence for borrowing
bathe 4.69 to bathe 5. no evidence for borrowing
beget 4.71 to beget 5. no evidence for borrowing
be born 4.72 to be born 5. no evidence for borrowing
pregnant 4.73 pregnant 1. clearly borrowed
conceive 4.732 to conceive 1. clearly borrowed
alive 4.74 to be alive 5. no evidence for borrowing
life 4.741 the life 5. no evidence for borrowing
die 4.75 to die 1. clearly borrowed
dead 4.7501 dead 5. no evidence for borrowing
drown 4.751 to drown 5. no evidence for borrowing
kill 4.76 to kill 5. no evidence for borrowing
corpse 4.77 the corpse 1. clearly borrowed
< corpus (Latin )
carcass 4.771 the carcass 1. clearly borrowed
bury 4.78 to bury 5. no evidence for borrowing
grave 4.79 the grave 5. no evidence for borrowing
strong 4.81 strong 5. no evidence for borrowing
weak 4.82 weak 5. no evidence for borrowing
healthy 4.83 healthy 5. no evidence for borrowing
sick 4.84 sick/ill 5. no evidence for borrowing
ill 4.84 sick/ill 1. clearly borrowed
fever 4.841 the fever 1. clearly borrowed
< febris (Latin )
goitre 4.842 the goitre/goiter 1. clearly borrowed
< guttur (Latin )
cold 4.843 the cold 5. no evidence for borrowing
disease 4.844 the disease 1. clearly borrowed
wound 4.85 the wound or sore 5. no evidence for borrowing
sore 4.85 the wound or sore 5. no evidence for borrowing
bruise 4.852 the bruise 5. no evidence for borrowing
swelling 4.853 the swelling 5. no evidence for borrowing
itch 4.854 the itch 5. no evidence for borrowing
scratch 4.8541 to scratch 5. no evidence for borrowing
blister 4.855 the blister 4. very little evidence for borrowing
boil 4.856 the boil 5. no evidence for borrowing
pus 4.857 the pus 1. clearly borrowed
pūs (Latin )
scar 4.858 the scar 1. clearly borrowed
cure 4.86 to cure 1. clearly borrowed
heal 4.86 to cure 5. no evidence for borrowing
doctor 4.87 the physician 1. clearly borrowed
< doctor (Latin )
medicine 4.88 the medicine 1. clearly borrowed
poison 4.89 the poison 1. clearly borrowed
tired 4.91 tired 5. no evidence for borrowing
rest 4.912 to rest 5. no evidence for borrowing
lazy 4.92 lazy 2. probably borrowed
bald 4.93 bald 5. no evidence for borrowing
lame 4.94 lame 5. no evidence for borrowing
deaf 4.95 deaf 5. no evidence for borrowing
mute 4.96 mute 1. clearly borrowed
< mūtus (Latin )
blind 4.97 blind 5. no evidence for borrowing
drunk 4.98 drunk 5. no evidence for borrowing
naked 4.99 naked 5. no evidence for borrowing
eat 5.11 to eat 5. no evidence for borrowing
food 5.12 the food 5. no evidence for borrowing
cooked 5.121 cooked 1. clearly borrowed
raw 5.122 raw 5. no evidence for borrowing
ripe 5.123 ripe 5. no evidence for borrowing
unripe 5.124 unripe 5. no evidence for borrowing
rotten 5.125 rotten 1. clearly borrowed
drink 5.13 to drink 5. no evidence for borrowing
hungry 5.14 to be hungry 5. no evidence for borrowing
famine 5.141 the famine 1. clearly borrowed
< fāmēs (Latin )
thirsty 5.15 to be thirsty 5. no evidence for borrowing
suck 5.16 to suck 5. no evidence for borrowing
chew 5.18 to chew 5. no evidence for borrowing
swallow 5.181 to swallow 5. no evidence for borrowing
choke 5.19 to choke 5. no evidence for borrowing
cook 5.21 to cook 1. clearly borrowed
boil 5.22 to boil 1. clearly borrowed
< bullire (Latin )
roast 5.23 to roast or fry 1. clearly borrowed
fry 5.23 to roast or fry 1. clearly borrowed
< frigere (Latin )
bake 5.24 to bake 5. no evidence for borrowing
oven 5.25 the oven 5. no evidence for borrowing
pot 5.26 the pot 2. probably borrowed
pot (French )
< *pottus (Latin )
kettle 5.27 the kettle 1. clearly borrowed
pan 5.28 the pan 1. clearly borrowed
dish 5.31 the dish 1. clearly borrowed
< dískos (Greek )
plate 5.32 the plate 1. clearly borrowed
bowl 5.33 the bowl 5. no evidence for borrowing
jug 5.34 the jug/pitcher 5. no evidence for borrowing
cup 5.35 the cup 1. clearly borrowed
saucer 5.36 the saucer 5. no evidence for borrowing
spoon 5.37 the spoon 5. no evidence for borrowing
knife 5.38 the knife(1) 3. perhaps borrowed
fork 5.39 the fork 1. clearly borrowed
tongs 5.391 the tongs 5. no evidence for borrowing
meal 5.41 the meal 5. no evidence for borrowing
breakfast 5.42 the breakfast 5. no evidence for borrowing
lunch 5.43 the lunch 5. no evidence for borrowing
dinner 5.44 the dinner 1. clearly borrowed
supper 5.45 the supper 1. clearly borrowed
peel 5.46 to peel 1. clearly borrowed
sieve 5.47 to sieve or to strain 5. no evidence for borrowing
strain 5.47 to sieve or to strain 1. clearly borrowed
scrape 5.48 to scrape 2. probably borrowed
stir 5.49 to stir or to mix 5. no evidence for borrowing
mix 5.49 to stir or to mix 1. clearly borrowed
< miscere (Latin )
bread 5.51 the bread 5. no evidence for borrowing
dough 5.53 the dough 5. no evidence for borrowing
knead 5.54 to knead 5. no evidence for borrowing
flour 5.55 the flour 1. clearly borrowed
grind 5.56 to crush or to grind 5. no evidence for borrowing
crush 5.56 to crush or to grind 1. clearly borrowed
mill 5.57 the mill 1. clearly borrowed
mortar 5.58 the mortar(1) 1. clearly borrowed
pestle 5.59 the pestle 1. clearly borrowed
meat 5.61 the meat 5. no evidence for borrowing
sausage 5.63 the sausage 1. clearly borrowed
soup 5.64 the soup 1. clearly borrowed
vegetables 5.65 the vegetables 1. clearly borrowed
bean 5.66 the bean 5. no evidence for borrowing
potato 5.7 the potato 1. clearly borrowed
< batata (Taino )
fruit 5.71 the fruit 1. clearly borrowed
< fructus (Latin )
bunch 5.712 the bunch 5. no evidence for borrowing
fig 5.75 the fig 1. clearly borrowed
< ficus (Latin )
grape 5.76 the grape 1. clearly borrowed
nut 5.77 the nut 5. no evidence for borrowing
olive 5.78 the olive 1. clearly borrowed
< elaiá (Greek )
oil 5.79 the oil 1. clearly borrowed
fat 5.791 the grease or fat 5. no evidence for borrowing
grease 5.791 the grease or fat 1. clearly borrowed
< crassus (Latin )
salt 5.81 the salt 5. no evidence for borrowing
pepper 5.82 the pepper 1. clearly borrowed
chili (pepper) 5.821 the chili pepper 1. clearly borrowed
honey 5.84 the honey 5. no evidence for borrowing
sugar 5.85 the sugar 1. clearly borrowed
< sukkar (Arabic )
milk 5.86 the milk 5. no evidence for borrowing
milk 5.87 to milk 5. no evidence for borrowing
cheese 5.88 the cheese 1. clearly borrowed
butter 5.89 the butter 1. clearly borrowed
drink 5.9 the drink 5. no evidence for borrowing
mead 5.91 the mead 5. no evidence for borrowing
wine 5.92 the wine 1. clearly borrowed
beer 5.93 the beer 4. very little evidence for borrowing
alcohol 5.94 the fermented drink 1. clearly borrowed
egg 5.97 the egg 1. clearly borrowed
yolk 5.971 the yolk 5. no evidence for borrowing
put on 6.11 to put on 5. no evidence for borrowing
bag 6.99901 the bag 3. perhaps borrowed
clothes 6.12 the clothing or clothes 5. no evidence for borrowing
tailor 6.13 the tailor 1. clearly borrowed
cloth 6.21 the cloth 5. no evidence for borrowing
wool 6.22 the wool 5. no evidence for borrowing
linen 6.23 the linen 5. no evidence for borrowing
cotton 6.24 the cotton 1. clearly borrowed
< qutn (Arabic )
silk 6.25 the silk 1. clearly borrowed
felt 6.27 the felt 5. no evidence for borrowing
fur 6.28 the fur 1. clearly borrowed
leather 6.29 the leather 5. no evidence for borrowing
spin 6.31 to spin 5. no evidence for borrowing
spindle 6.32 the spindle 5. no evidence for borrowing
weave 6.33 to weave 5. no evidence for borrowing
loom 6.34 the loom 5. no evidence for borrowing
sew 6.35 to sew 5. no evidence for borrowing
needle 6.36 the needle(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
awl 6.37 the awl 5. no evidence for borrowing
thread 6.38 the thread 5. no evidence for borrowing
dye 6.39 to dye 5. no evidence for borrowing
cloak 6.41 the cloak 1. clearly borrowed
poncho 6.411 the poncho 1. clearly borrowed
dress 6.42 the (woman's) dress 1. clearly borrowed
coat 6.43 the coat 1. clearly borrowed
shirt 6.44 the shirt 5. no evidence for borrowing
collar 6.45 the collar 1. clearly borrowed
skirt 6.46 the skirt 1. clearly borrowed
grass-skirt 6.461 the grass-skirt 5. no evidence for borrowing
trousers 6.48 the trousers 2. probably borrowed
sock 6.49 the sock or stocking 1. clearly borrowed
stocking 6.49 the sock or stocking 5. no evidence for borrowing
shoe 6.51 the shoe 5. no evidence for borrowing
boot 6.52 the boot 1. clearly borrowed
shoemaker 6.54 the shoemaker 5. no evidence for borrowing
hat 6.55 the hat or cap 5. no evidence for borrowing
cap 6.55 the hat or cap 1. clearly borrowed
belt 6.57 the belt 1. clearly borrowed
glove 6.58 the glove 5. no evidence for borrowing
veil 6.59 the veil 1. clearly borrowed
< vēlum (Latin )
pocket 6.61 the pocket 1. clearly borrowed
button 6.62 the button 1. clearly borrowed
pin 6.63 the pin 1. clearly borrowed
ornament 6.71 the ornament or adornment 1. clearly borrowed
jewel 6.72 the jewel 1. clearly borrowed
ring 6.73 the ring 5. no evidence for borrowing
bracelet 6.74 the bracelet 1. clearly borrowed
necklace 6.75 the necklace 1. clearly borrowed
< laqueus (Latin )
bead 6.76 the bead 5. no evidence for borrowing
earring 6.77 the earring 5. no evidence for borrowing
headband 6.78 the headband or headdress 1. clearly borrowed
tattoo 6.79 the tattoo 1. clearly borrowed
handkerchief, hankie 6.81 the handkerchief or rag 1. clearly borrowed
rag 6.81 the handkerchief or rag 2. probably borrowed
towel 6.82 the towel 1. clearly borrowed
comb 6.91 the comb 5. no evidence for borrowing
brush 6.92 the brush 1. clearly borrowed
< bruscum (Latin )
plait 6.921 the plait/braid 1. clearly borrowed
braid 6.921 the plait/braid 5. no evidence for borrowing
razor 6.93 the razor 1. clearly borrowed
ointment 6.94 the ointment 1. clearly borrowed
< unguere (Latin )
soap 6.95 the soap 3. perhaps borrowed
mirror 6.96 the mirror 1. clearly borrowed
snowshoe 6.98 the snowshoe 5. no evidence for borrowing
live 7.11 to live 5. no evidence for borrowing
house 7.12 the house 5. no evidence for borrowing
hut 7.13 the hut 1. clearly borrowed
shed 7.131 the garden-house 5. no evidence for borrowing
tent 7.14 the tent 1. clearly borrowed
< tenta (Latin )
yard 7.15 the yard or court 5. no evidence for borrowing
kitchen 7.17 the cookhouse 1. clearly borrowed
hall 7.18 the meeting house 5. no evidence for borrowing
room 7.21 the room 5. no evidence for borrowing
door 7.22 the door or gate 5. no evidence for borrowing
gate 7.22 the door or gate 5. no evidence for borrowing
doorpost 7.221 the doorpost 5. no evidence for borrowing
< posita (Latin )
lock 7.23 the lock 5. no evidence for borrowing
latch 7.231 the latch or door-bolt 1. clearly borrowed
bolt 7.231 the latch or door-bolt 5. no evidence for borrowing
padlock 7.232 the padlock 5. no evidence for borrowing
key 7.24 the key 5. no evidence for borrowing
window 7.25 the window 1. clearly borrowed
floor 7.26 the floor 5. no evidence for borrowing
wall 7.27 the wall 1. clearly borrowed
fireplace 7.31 the fireplace 5. no evidence for borrowing
stove 7.32 the stove 5. no evidence for borrowing
chimney 7.33 the chimney 1. clearly borrowed
ladder 7.37 the ladder 5. no evidence for borrowing
bed 7.42 the bed 5. no evidence for borrowing
pillow 7.421 the pillow 1. clearly borrowed
blanket 7.422 the blanket 1. clearly borrowed
chair 7.43 the chair 1. clearly borrowed
table 7.44 the table 1. clearly borrowed
lamp 7.45 the lamp or torch 1. clearly borrowed
torch 7.45 the lamp or torch 1. clearly borrowed
< torca (Latin )
candle 7.46 the candle 1. clearly borrowed
shelf 7.47 the shelf 1. clearly borrowed
trough 7.48 the trough 5. no evidence for borrowing
roof 7.51 the roof 5. no evidence for borrowing
thatch 7.52 the thatch 5. no evidence for borrowing
ridgepole 7.53 the ridgepole 5. no evidence for borrowing
rafter 7.54 the rafter 5. no evidence for borrowing
beam 7.55 the beam 5. no evidence for borrowing
post 7.56 the post or pole 1. clearly borrowed
board 7.57 the board 5. no evidence for borrowing
arch 7.58 the arch 1. clearly borrowed
< arcum (Latin )
mason 7.61 the mason 1. clearly borrowed
brick 7.62 the brick 1. clearly borrowed
< bricke (Dutch , uncertain)
< bricke (Middle Low German , uncertain)
mortar 7.63 the mortar(2) 1. clearly borrowed
adobe 7.64 the adobe 1. clearly borrowed
< ţob (Coptic )
camp 7.65 the camp 1. clearly borrowed
hammock 7.66 the hammock 1. clearly borrowed
< hamaka (Taino )
tan 7.67 to tan 2. probably borrowed
farmer 8.11 the farmer 1. clearly borrowed
field 8.12 the field 5. no evidence for borrowing
paddy 8.121 the paddy 1. clearly borrowed
padi (Malay )
garden 8.13 the garden 1. clearly borrowed
cultivate 8.15 to cultivate 1. clearly borrowed
fence 8.16 the fence 1. clearly borrowed
ditch 8.17 the ditch 5. no evidence for borrowing
plough 8.21 to plough/plow 5. no evidence for borrowing
furrow 8.212 the furrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
dig 8.22 to dig 2. probably borrowed
< dijk (Dutch )
spade 8.23 the spade 4. very little evidence for borrowing
shovel 8.24 the shovel 5. no evidence for borrowing
hoe 8.25 the hoe 5. no evidence for borrowing
pitchfork 8.26 the fork(2)/pitchfork 1. clearly borrowed
pic (French )
rake 8.27 the rake 5. no evidence for borrowing
lasso 8.29 the lasso 1. clearly borrowed
< laqueus (Latin )
sow 8.31 to sow 5. no evidence for borrowing
seed 8.311 the seed 5. no evidence for borrowing
mow 8.32 to mow 5. no evidence for borrowing
sickle 8.33 the sickle or scythe 1. clearly borrowed
scythe 8.33 the sickle or scythe 5. no evidence for borrowing
thresh 8.34 to thresh 5. no evidence for borrowing
threshing-floor 8.35 the threshing-floor 5. no evidence for borrowing
harvest 8.41 the harvest 5. no evidence for borrowing
grain 8.42 the grain 1. clearly borrowed
< grānum (Latin )
wheat 8.43 the wheat 5. no evidence for borrowing
barley 8.44 the barley 5. no evidence for borrowing
rye 8.45 the rye 5. no evidence for borrowing
oat 8.46 the oats 5. no evidence for borrowing
corn 8.47 the maize/corn 5. no evidence for borrowing
maize 8.47 the maize/corn 1. clearly borrowed
rice 8.48 the rice 1. clearly borrowed
riz (French )
< arici (Tamil )
grass 8.51 the grass 5. no evidence for borrowing
hay 8.52 the hay 5. no evidence for borrowing
plant 8.53 the plant 1. clearly borrowed
plant 8.531 to plant 1. clearly borrowed
root 8.54 the root 5. no evidence for borrowing
branch 8.55 the branch 1. clearly borrowed
< branca (Latin )
leaf 8.56 the leaf 5. no evidence for borrowing
flower 8.57 the flower 1. clearly borrowed
tree 8.6 the tree 5. no evidence for borrowing
oak 8.61 the oak 5. no evidence for borrowing
beech 8.62 the beech 5. no evidence for borrowing
birch 8.63 the birch 5. no evidence for borrowing
pine 8.64 the pine 1. clearly borrowed
fir 8.65 the fir 5. no evidence for borrowing
acorn 8.66 the acorn 5. no evidence for borrowing
vine 8.67 the vine 1. clearly borrowed
< vīnea (Latin )
tobacco 8.68 the tobacco 1. clearly borrowed
< tabako (Taino )
smoke 8.69 to smoke 5. no evidence for borrowing
pipe 8.691 the pipe 1. clearly borrowed
(tree-)stump 8.72 the tree stump 5. no evidence for borrowing
tree trunk 8.73 the tree trunk 1. clearly borrowed
< truncus (Latin )
bark 8.75 the bark 1. clearly borrowed
sap 8.76 the sap 5. no evidence for borrowing
palm 8.81 the palm tree 1. clearly borrowed
coconut 8.82 the coconut 1. clearly borrowed
citrus 8.83 the citrus fruit 1. clearly borrowed
< kítron (Greek )
lemon 8.83 the citrus fruit 1. clearly borrowed
orange 8.83 the citrus fruit 1. clearly borrowed
< nāram (Tamil )
banana 8.84 the banana 1. clearly borrowed
< banana (Wolof )
banyan 8.85 the banyan 1. clearly borrowed
sweet potato 8.91 the sweet potato 5. no evidence for borrowing
millet 8.911 the millet or sorghum 1. clearly borrowed
< milium (Latin )
yam 8.912 the yam 1. clearly borrowed
cassava 8.92 the cassava/manioc 1. clearly borrowed
< casavi (Taino )
manioc 8.92 the cassava/manioc 1. clearly borrowed
< manioka (Tupí )
gourd 8.93 the gourd 1. clearly borrowed
pumpkin 8.931 the pumpkin or squash 1. clearly borrowed
< pépōn (Greek )
squash 8.931 the pumpkin or squash 1. clearly borrowed
bamboo 8.94 the bamboo 1. clearly borrowed
< banvu (Kannada )
sugar cane 8.941 the sugar cane 1. clearly borrowed
< qāneh (Hebrew )
nettle 8.97 the nettle 5. no evidence for borrowing
mushroom 8.98 the mushroom 1. clearly borrowed
larch 8.991 the larch 4. very little evidence for borrowing
needle 8.993 the needle(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
cone 8.996 the cone 1. clearly borrowed
< kōnos (Greek )
do 9.11 to do 5. no evidence for borrowing
make 9.111 to make 5. no evidence for borrowing
work 9.12 the work 5. no evidence for borrowing
bend 9.14 to bend 5. no evidence for borrowing
fold 9.15 to fold 5. no evidence for borrowing
tie 9.16 to tie 5. no evidence for borrowing
bind 9.16 to tie 5. no evidence for borrowing
untie 9.161 to untie 5. no evidence for borrowing
chain 9.18 the chain 1. clearly borrowed
< catēna (Latin )
rope 9.19 the rope 5. no evidence for borrowing
knot 9.192 the knot 5. no evidence for borrowing
hit 9.21 to strike or hit or beat 1. clearly borrowed
beat 9.21 to strike or hit or beat 5. no evidence for borrowing
strike 9.21 to strike or hit or beat 5. no evidence for borrowing
pound 9.211 to pound 5. no evidence for borrowing
cut 9.22 to cut 2. probably borrowed
chop 9.222 to chop 5. no evidence for borrowing
stab 9.223 to stab 4. very little evidence for borrowing
knife 9.23 the knife(2) 3. perhaps borrowed
scissors 9.24 the scissors or shears 1. clearly borrowed
shears 9.24 the scissors or shears 5. no evidence for borrowing
axe 9.25 the axe/ax 5. no evidence for borrowing
adze 9.251 the adze 5. no evidence for borrowing
break 9.26 to break 5. no evidence for borrowing
broken 9.261 broken 5. no evidence for borrowing
split 9.27 to split 1. clearly borrowed
splitten (Middle Low German , uncertain)
splitten (Dutch , uncertain)
tear 9.28 to tear 5. no evidence for borrowing
skin 9.29 to skin 1. clearly borrowed
rub 9.31 to rub 3. perhaps borrowed
rubben (Dutch , uncertain)
rubben (Middle Low German , uncertain)
wipe 9.311 to wipe 5. no evidence for borrowing
stretch 9.32 to stretch 5. no evidence for borrowing
pull 9.33 to pull 5. no evidence for borrowing
spread out 9.34 to spread out 5. no evidence for borrowing
hang 9.341 to hang up 5. no evidence for borrowing
press 9.342 to press 1. clearly borrowed
squeeze 9.343 to squeeze 5. no evidence for borrowing
pour 9.35 to pour 5. no evidence for borrowing
wash 9.36 to wash 5. no evidence for borrowing
sweep 9.37 to sweep 2. probably borrowed
broom 9.38 the broom 5. no evidence for borrowing
tool 9.422 the tool 5. no evidence for borrowing
carpenter 9.43 the carpenter 1. clearly borrowed
build 9.44 to build 5. no evidence for borrowing
bore 9.46 to bore 5. no evidence for borrowing
hollow 9.461 to hollow out 5. no evidence for borrowing
saw 9.48 the saw 5. no evidence for borrowing
hammer 9.49 the hammer 5. no evidence for borrowing
nail 9.5 the nail 5. no evidence for borrowing
glue 9.56 the glue 1. clearly borrowed
glu (French )
< glūten (Latin )
blacksmith 9.6 the blacksmith 5. no evidence for borrowing
forge 9.61 to forge 5. no evidence for borrowing
< fabrica (Latin )
anvil 9.62 the anvil 5. no evidence for borrowing
cast 9.63 to cast 1. clearly borrowed
gold 9.64 the gold 2. probably borrowed
silver 9.65 the silver 2. probably borrowed
copper 9.66 the copper 1. clearly borrowed
< kyprion (Greek )
iron 9.67 the iron 2. probably borrowed
lead 9.68 the lead 5. no evidence for borrowing
tin 9.69 the tin or tinplate 5. no evidence for borrowing
potter 9.71 the potter 3. perhaps borrowed
mould 9.72 to mould/mold 5. no evidence for borrowing
< modulus (Latin )
clay 9.73 the clay 5. no evidence for borrowing
glass 9.74 the glass 5. no evidence for borrowing
weave 9.75 to weave or plait/braid 5. no evidence for borrowing
basket 9.76 the basket 5. no evidence for borrowing
mat 9.77 the mat 1. clearly borrowed
rug 9.771 the rug 2. probably borrowed
carpet 9.771 the rug 1. clearly borrowed
< carpita (Latin )
netbag 9.78 the netbag 1. clearly borrowed
fan 9.79 the fan 1. clearly borrowed
fan 9.791 to fan 1. clearly borrowed
carve 9.81 to carve 5. no evidence for borrowing
sculptor 9.82 the sculptor 1. clearly borrowed
statue 9.83 the statue 1. clearly borrowed
chisel 9.84 the chisel 1. clearly borrowed
boomerang 9.87 the boomerang 1. clearly borrowed
paint 9.88 the paint 1. clearly borrowed
< pingere (Latin )
paint 9.89 to paint 1. clearly borrowed
< pingere (Latin )
peg 9.91 the peg 2. probably borrowed
whetstone 9.93 the whetstone 5. no evidence for borrowing
move 10.11 to move 1. clearly borrowed
< movēre (Latin )
turn 10.12 to turn 1. clearly borrowed
turn around 10.13 to turn around 1. clearly borrowed
wrap 10.14 to wrap 5. no evidence for borrowing
roll 10.15 to roll 1. clearly borrowed
drop 10.16 to drop 5. no evidence for borrowing
twist 10.17 to twist 5. no evidence for borrowing
rise 10.21 to rise 5. no evidence for borrowing
raise 10.22 to raise or lift 1. clearly borrowed
lift 10.22 to raise or lift 1. clearly borrowed
fall 10.23 to fall 5. no evidence for borrowing
drip 10.24 to drip 5. no evidence for borrowing
throw 10.25 to throw 5. no evidence for borrowing
catch 10.252 to catch 1. clearly borrowed
shake 10.26 to shake 5. no evidence for borrowing
flow 10.32 to flow 5. no evidence for borrowing
sink 10.33 to sink 5. no evidence for borrowing
float 10.34 to float 5. no evidence for borrowing
swim 10.35 to swim 5. no evidence for borrowing
dive 10.351 to dive 5. no evidence for borrowing
splash 10.352 to splash 5. no evidence for borrowing
sail 10.36 to sail 5. no evidence for borrowing
fly 10.37 to fly 5. no evidence for borrowing
blow 10.38 to blow 5. no evidence for borrowing
crawl 10.41 to crawl 3. perhaps borrowed
kneel 10.412 to kneel 5. no evidence for borrowing
crouch 10.413 to crouch 3. perhaps borrowed
slip 10.42 to slide or slip 2. probably borrowed
slide 10.42 to slide or slip 5. no evidence for borrowing
jump 10.43 to jump 5. no evidence for borrowing
kick 10.431 to kick 5. no evidence for borrowing
dance 10.44 to dance 1. clearly borrowed
walk 10.45 to walk 5. no evidence for borrowing
limp 10.451 to limp 5. no evidence for borrowing
run 10.46 to run 5. no evidence for borrowing
go 10.47 to go 5. no evidence for borrowing
go up 10.471 to go up 5. no evidence for borrowing
climb 10.472 to climb 5. no evidence for borrowing
go down 10.473 to go down 5. no evidence for borrowing
go out 10.474 to go out 5. no evidence for borrowing
come 10.48 to come 5. no evidence for borrowing
come back 10.481 to come back 5. no evidence for borrowing
leave 10.49 to leave 5. no evidence for borrowing
disappear 10.491 to disappear 1. clearly borrowed
flee 10.51 to flee 5. no evidence for borrowing
follow 10.52 to follow 5. no evidence for borrowing
pursue 10.53 to pursue 1. clearly borrowed
chase 10.53 to pursue 1. clearly borrowed
arrive 10.55 to arrive 1. clearly borrowed
approach 10.56 to approach 1. clearly borrowed
enter 10.57 to enter 1. clearly borrowed
carry 10.61 to carry 1. clearly borrowed
bring 10.62 to bring 5. no evidence for borrowing
send 10.63 to send 5. no evidence for borrowing
lead 10.64 to lead 5. no evidence for borrowing
drive 10.65 to drive 5. no evidence for borrowing
ride 10.66 to ride 5. no evidence for borrowing
push 10.67 to push 1. clearly borrowed
road 10.71 the road 5. no evidence for borrowing
path 10.72 the path 3. perhaps borrowed
bridge 10.74 the bridge 5. no evidence for borrowing
cart 10.75 the cart or wagon 2. probably borrowed
wagon 10.75 the cart or wagon 1. clearly borrowed
wheel 10.76 the wheel 5. no evidence for borrowing
axle 10.77 the axle 5. no evidence for borrowing
yoke 10.78 the yoke 5. no evidence for borrowing
sledge 10.79 the sledge/sled 1. clearly borrowed
slede (Middle Low German , uncertain)
slede (Dutch , uncertain)
ship 10.81 the ship 5. no evidence for borrowing
boat 10.83 the boat 4. very little evidence for borrowing
canoe 10.831 the canoe 1. clearly borrowed
< kanawa (Taino )
outrigger 10.832 the outrigger 3. perhaps borrowed
raft 10.84 the raft 1. clearly borrowed
oar 10.85 the oar 5. no evidence for borrowing
paddle 10.851 the paddle 4. very little evidence for borrowing
row 10.852 to row 5. no evidence for borrowing
rudder 10.86 the rudder 5. no evidence for borrowing
mast 10.87 the mast 5. no evidence for borrowing
sail 10.88 the sail 5. no evidence for borrowing
anchor 10.89 the anchor 1. clearly borrowed
port 10.91 the port 1. clearly borrowed
land 10.92 to land 5. no evidence for borrowing
have 11.11 to have 5. no evidence for borrowing
own 11.12 to own 5. no evidence for borrowing
take 11.13 to take 1. clearly borrowed
grasp 11.14 to grasp 5. no evidence for borrowing
hold 11.15 to hold 5. no evidence for borrowing
get 11.16 to get 1. clearly borrowed
keep 11.17 to keep 5. no evidence for borrowing
thing 11.18 the thing 5. no evidence for borrowing
give 11.21 to give 1. clearly borrowed
give back 11.22 to give back 5. no evidence for borrowing
return 11.22 to give back 1. clearly borrowed
preserve 11.24 to preserve 1. clearly borrowed
rescue 11.25 to rescue 1. clearly borrowed
destroy 11.27 to destroy 1. clearly borrowed
injure 11.28 to injure 1. clearly borrowed
hurt 11.28 to injure 1. clearly borrowed
damage 11.29 to damage 1. clearly borrowed
< damnum (Latin )
harm 11.29 to damage 5. no evidence for borrowing
look for 11.31 to look for 5. no evidence for borrowing
seek 11.31 to look for 5. no evidence for borrowing
find 11.32 to find 5. no evidence for borrowing
lose 11.33 to lose 5. no evidence for borrowing
let go 11.34 to let go 5. no evidence for borrowing
money 11.43 the money 1. clearly borrowed
< monēta (Latin )
coin 11.44 the coin 1. clearly borrowed
< cuneus (Latin )
rich 11.51 rich 1. clearly borrowed
poor 11.52 poor 1. clearly borrowed
< pauper (Latin )
beggar 11.53 the beggar 1. clearly borrowed
stingy 11.54 stingy 5. no evidence for borrowing
mean 11.54 stingy 5. no evidence for borrowing
lend 11.61 to lend 5. no evidence for borrowing
borrow 11.62 to borrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
owe 11.63 to owe 5. no evidence for borrowing
debt 11.64 the debt 1. clearly borrowed
pay 11.65 to pay 1. clearly borrowed
bill 11.66 the bill 1. clearly borrowed
< bulla (Latin )
tax 11.69 the tax 1. clearly borrowed
< taxāre (Latin )
hire 11.77 to hire 5. no evidence for borrowing
wages 11.78 the wages 1. clearly borrowed
earn 11.79 to earn 5. no evidence for borrowing
buy 11.81 to buy 5. no evidence for borrowing
sell 11.82 to sell 5. no evidence for borrowing
trade 11.83 to trade or barter 1. clearly borrowed
trade (Middle Low German , uncertain)
trade (Dutch , uncertain)
barter 11.83 to trade or barter 2. probably borrowed
merchant 11.84 the merchant 1. clearly borrowed
market 11.85 the market 1. clearly borrowed
shop 11.86 the shop/store 1. clearly borrowed
store 11.86 the shop/store 1. clearly borrowed
price 11.87 the price 1. clearly borrowed
< pretium (Latin )
expensive 11.88 expensive 1. clearly borrowed
cheap 11.89 cheap 2. probably borrowed
share 11.91 to share 5. no evidence for borrowing
weigh 11.92 to weigh 5. no evidence for borrowing
after 12.01 after 5. no evidence for borrowing
behind 12.011 behind 5. no evidence for borrowing
in 12.012 in 5. no evidence for borrowing
at 12.013 at 5. no evidence for borrowing
beside 12.02 beside 5. no evidence for borrowing
down 12.03 down 2. probably borrowed
before 12.04 before 5. no evidence for borrowing
in front of 12.041 in front of 1. clearly borrowed
inside 12.05 inside 5. no evidence for borrowing
outside 12.06 outside 5. no evidence for borrowing
under 12.07 under 5. no evidence for borrowing
up 12.08 up 5. no evidence for borrowing
above 12.081 above 5. no evidence for borrowing
place 12.11 the place 1. clearly borrowed
put 12.12 to put 5. no evidence for borrowing
sit 12.13 to sit 5. no evidence for borrowing
lie down 12.14 to lie down 5. no evidence for borrowing
stand 12.15 to stand 5. no evidence for borrowing
stay 12.16 to remain 1. clearly borrowed
< stāre (Latin )
remain 12.16 to remain 1. clearly borrowed
remains 12.17 the remains 1. clearly borrowed
gather 12.21 to gather 5. no evidence for borrowing
collect 12.21 to gather 1. clearly borrowed
pick up 12.212 to pick up 4. very little evidence for borrowing
pile up 12.213 to pile up 1. clearly borrowed
< pīla (Latin )
join 12.22 to join 1. clearly borrowed
< iungere (Latin )
separate 12.23 to separate 1. clearly borrowed
divide 12.232 to divide 1. clearly borrowed
open 12.24 to open 5. no evidence for borrowing
shut 12.25 to shut 5. no evidence for borrowing
close 12.25 to shut 1. clearly borrowed
cover 12.26 to cover 1. clearly borrowed
hide 12.27 to hide 5. no evidence for borrowing
high 12.31 high 5. no evidence for borrowing
low 12.32 low 1. clearly borrowed
top 12.33 the top 5. no evidence for borrowing
bottom 12.34 the bottom 5. no evidence for borrowing
end 12.35 the end(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
pointed 12.352 pointed 1. clearly borrowed
< punctum (Latin )
edge 12.353 the edge 5. no evidence for borrowing
side 12.36 the side 5. no evidence for borrowing
middle 12.37 the middle 5. no evidence for borrowing
right 12.41 right(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
left 12.42 left 5. no evidence for borrowing
near 12.43 near 5. no evidence for borrowing
far 12.44 far 5. no evidence for borrowing
east 12.45 the east 5. no evidence for borrowing
west 12.46 the west 5. no evidence for borrowing
north 12.47 the north 5. no evidence for borrowing
south 12.48 the south 5. no evidence for borrowing
grow 12.53 to grow 5. no evidence for borrowing
measure 12.54 to measure 1. clearly borrowed
fathom 12.541 the fathom 5. no evidence for borrowing
big 12.55 big 3. perhaps borrowed
large 12.55 big 1. clearly borrowed
small 12.56 small 5. no evidence for borrowing
little 12.56 small 5. no evidence for borrowing
long 12.57 long 5. no evidence for borrowing
tall 12.58 tall 5. no evidence for borrowing
short 12.59 short 5. no evidence for borrowing
wide 12.61 wide 5. no evidence for borrowing
narrow 12.62 narrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
thick 12.63 thick 5. no evidence for borrowing
thin 12.65 thin 5. no evidence for borrowing
deep 12.67 deep 5. no evidence for borrowing
shallow 12.68 shallow 5. no evidence for borrowing
flat 12.71 flat 1. clearly borrowed
straight 12.73 straight 5. no evidence for borrowing
crooked 12.74 crooked 1. clearly borrowed
hook 12.75 the hook 5. no evidence for borrowing
corner 12.76 the corner 1. clearly borrowed
cross 12.77 the cross 1. clearly borrowed
crux (Latin )
square 12.78 the square 1. clearly borrowed
round 12.81 round 1. clearly borrowed
circle 12.82 the circle 1. clearly borrowed
ball 12.83 the ball 1. clearly borrowed
line 12.84 the line 1. clearly borrowed
< līnea (Latin )
hole 12.85 the hole 5. no evidence for borrowing
similar 12.92 similar 1. clearly borrowed
alike 12.92 similar 5. no evidence for borrowing
change 12.93 to change 1. clearly borrowed
zero 13 zero 1. clearly borrowed
< ṣifr (Arabic )
one 13.01 one 5. no evidence for borrowing
two 13.02 two 5. no evidence for borrowing
three 13.03 three 5. no evidence for borrowing
four 13.04 four 5. no evidence for borrowing
five 13.05 five 5. no evidence for borrowing
six 13.06 six 5. no evidence for borrowing
seven 13.07 seven 5. no evidence for borrowing
eight 13.08 eight 5. no evidence for borrowing
nine 13.09 nine 5. no evidence for borrowing
ten 13.1 ten 5. no evidence for borrowing
eleven 13.101 eleven 5. no evidence for borrowing
twelve 13.102 twelve 5. no evidence for borrowing
fifteen 13.103 fifteen 5. no evidence for borrowing
twenty 13.104 twenty 5. no evidence for borrowing
hundred 13.105 a hundred 5. no evidence for borrowing
thousand 13.106 a thousand 5. no evidence for borrowing
count 13.107 to count 1. clearly borrowed
all 13.14 all 5. no evidence for borrowing
many 13.15 many 5. no evidence for borrowing
more 13.16 more 5. no evidence for borrowing
few 13.17 few 5. no evidence for borrowing
enough 13.18 enough 5. no evidence for borrowing
some 13.181 some 5. no evidence for borrowing
crowd 13.19 the crowd 5. no evidence for borrowing
full 13.21 full 5. no evidence for borrowing
empty 13.22 empty 5. no evidence for borrowing
part 13.23 the part 5. no evidence for borrowing
piece 13.231 the piece 1. clearly borrowed
half 13.24 the half 5. no evidence for borrowing
only 13.33 only 5. no evidence for borrowing
alone 13.331 alone 5. no evidence for borrowing
first 13.34 first 5. no evidence for borrowing
last 13.35 last 5. no evidence for borrowing
second 13.36 second 1. clearly borrowed
pair 13.37 the pair 1. clearly borrowed
< par (Latin )
twice 13.38 twice/two times 5. no evidence for borrowing
third 13.42 third 5. no evidence for borrowing
time 14.11 the time 5. no evidence for borrowing
age 14.12 the age 1. clearly borrowed
< aevum (Latin )
new 14.13 new 5. no evidence for borrowing
young 14.14 young 5. no evidence for borrowing
old 14.15 old 5. no evidence for borrowing
early 14.16 early 5. no evidence for borrowing
late 14.17 late 5. no evidence for borrowing
now 14.18 now 5. no evidence for borrowing
immediately 14.19 immediately 1. clearly borrowed
fast 14.21 fast 5. no evidence for borrowing
quick 14.21 fast 5. no evidence for borrowing
slow 14.22 slow 5. no evidence for borrowing
hurry 14.23 to hurry 5. no evidence for borrowing
late 14.24 to be late 5. no evidence for borrowing
begin 14.25 to begin 5. no evidence for borrowing
start 14.25 to begin 5. no evidence for borrowing
beginning 14.251 the beginning 5. no evidence for borrowing
to last 14.252 to last 5. no evidence for borrowing
end 14.26 the end(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
finish 14.27 to finish 1. clearly borrowed
< finīre (Latin )
cease 14.28 to cease 1. clearly borrowed
ready 14.29 ready 5. no evidence for borrowing
always 14.31 always 5. no evidence for borrowing
often 14.32 often 5. no evidence for borrowing
sometimes 14.33 sometimes 5. no evidence for borrowing
soon 14.331 soon 5. no evidence for borrowing
never 14.34 never 5. no evidence for borrowing
again 14.35 again 3. perhaps borrowed
day 14.41 the day(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
day 14.411 the day(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
night 14.42 the night 5. no evidence for borrowing
dawn 14.43 the dawn 4. very little evidence for borrowing
morning 14.44 the morning 5. no evidence for borrowing
midday 14.45 the midday 5. no evidence for borrowing
noon 14.45 the midday 1. clearly borrowed
afternoon 14.451 the afternoon 5. no evidence for borrowing
evening 14.46 the evening 5. no evidence for borrowing
today 14.47 today 5. no evidence for borrowing
tomorrow 14.48 tomorrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
yesterday 14.49 yesterday 5. no evidence for borrowing
hour 14.51 the hour 1. clearly borrowed
< hōra (Greek )
clock 14.53 the clock 1. clearly borrowed
week 14.61 the week 5. no evidence for borrowing
Sunday 14.62 Sunday 5. no evidence for borrowing
Monday 14.63 Monday 5. no evidence for borrowing
Tuesday 14.64 Tuesday 5. no evidence for borrowing
Wednesday 14.65 Wednesday 5. no evidence for borrowing
Thursday 14.66 Thursday 3. perhaps borrowed
Friday 14.67 Friday 5. no evidence for borrowing
Saturday 14.68 Saturday 1. clearly borrowed
month 14.71 the month 5. no evidence for borrowing
year 14.73 the year 5. no evidence for borrowing
winter 14.74 the winter 5. no evidence for borrowing
spring 14.75 the spring(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
summer 14.76 the summer 5. no evidence for borrowing
autumn 14.77 the autumn/fall 1. clearly borrowed
season 14.78 the season 1. clearly borrowed
smell 15.21 to smell(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
sniff 15.212 to sniff 5. no evidence for borrowing
smell 15.22 to smell(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
fragrant 15.25 fragrant 1. clearly borrowed
stinking 15.26 stinking 5. no evidence for borrowing
taste 15.31 to taste 1. clearly borrowed
sweet 15.35 sweet 5. no evidence for borrowing
salty 15.36 salty 5. no evidence for borrowing
bitter 15.37 bitter 5. no evidence for borrowing
sour 15.38 sour 5. no evidence for borrowing
brackish 15.39 brackish 1. clearly borrowed
brak (Dutch , uncertain)
brak (Middle Low German , uncertain)
hear 15.41 to hear 5. no evidence for borrowing
listen 15.42 to listen 5. no evidence for borrowing
sound 15.44 the sound or noise 1. clearly borrowed
son (French )
< sonus (Latin )
loud 15.45 loud 5. no evidence for borrowing
quiet 15.46 quiet 1. clearly borrowed
see 15.51 to see 5. no evidence for borrowing
look 15.52 to look 5. no evidence for borrowing
show 15.55 to show 5. no evidence for borrowing
shine 15.56 to shine 5. no evidence for borrowing
bright 15.57 bright 5. no evidence for borrowing
colour 15.61 the colour/color 1. clearly borrowed
< color (Latin )
light 15.62 light(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
dark 15.63 dark 5. no evidence for borrowing
white 15.64 white 5. no evidence for borrowing
black 15.65 black 5. no evidence for borrowing
red 15.66 red 5. no evidence for borrowing
blue 15.67 blue 1. clearly borrowed
green 15.68 green 5. no evidence for borrowing
yellow 15.69 yellow 5. no evidence for borrowing
touch 15.71 to touch 1. clearly borrowed
pinch 15.712 to pinch 1. clearly borrowed
feel 15.72 to feel 5. no evidence for borrowing
hard 15.74 hard 5. no evidence for borrowing
soft 15.75 soft 5. no evidence for borrowing
rough 15.76 rough(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
smooth 15.77 smooth 5. no evidence for borrowing
sharp 15.78 sharp 5. no evidence for borrowing
blunt 15.79 blunt 5. no evidence for borrowing
dull 15.79 blunt 5. no evidence for borrowing
heavy 15.81 heavy 5. no evidence for borrowing
light 15.82 light(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
wet 15.83 wet 5. no evidence for borrowing
dry 15.84 dry 5. no evidence for borrowing
hot 15.85 hot 5. no evidence for borrowing
warm 15.851 warm 5. no evidence for borrowing
cold 15.86 cold 5. no evidence for borrowing
clean 15.87 clean 5. no evidence for borrowing
dirty 15.88 dirty 1. clearly borrowed
wrinkled 15.89 wrinkled 5. no evidence for borrowing
soul 16.11 the soul or spirit 5. no evidence for borrowing
spirit 16.11 the soul or spirit 1. clearly borrowed
surprised 16.15 surprised or astonished 1. clearly borrowed
astonished 16.15 surprised or astonished 2. probably borrowed
(good) luck 16.18 the good luck 1. clearly borrowed
happy 16.23 happy 1. clearly borrowed
glad 16.23 happy 5. no evidence for borrowing
laugh 16.25 to laugh 5. no evidence for borrowing
smile 16.251 to smile 2. probably borrowed
play 16.26 to play 5. no evidence for borrowing
love 16.27 to love 5. no evidence for borrowing
kiss 16.29 to kiss 5. no evidence for borrowing
embrace 16.3 to embrace 1. clearly borrowed
hug 16.3 to embrace 5. no evidence for borrowing
pain 16.31 the pain 1. clearly borrowed
< poinē (Greek )
grief 16.32 the grief 1. clearly borrowed
anxiety 16.33 the anxiety 1. clearly borrowed
worry 16.33 the anxiety 5. no evidence for borrowing
regret 16.34 to regret or be sorry 1. clearly borrowed
sorry 16.34 to regret or be sorry 5. no evidence for borrowing
pity 16.35 the pity 1. clearly borrowed
cry 16.37 to cry 1. clearly borrowed
weep 16.37 to cry 5. no evidence for borrowing
tear 16.38 the tear 5. no evidence for borrowing
groan 16.39 to groan 5. no evidence for borrowing
hate 16.41 to hate 5. no evidence for borrowing
anger 16.42 the anger 1. clearly borrowed
envy 16.44 the envy or jealousy 1. clearly borrowed
< invidia (Latin )
jealous 16.44 the envy or jealousy 1. clearly borrowed
< zēlos (Greek )
shame 16.45 the shame 5. no evidence for borrowing
proud 16.48 proud 1. clearly borrowed
< prōdis (Latin )
dare 16.51 to dare 5. no evidence for borrowing
brave 16.52 brave 1. clearly borrowed
< bravo (Italian )
fear 16.53 the fear 5. no evidence for borrowing
danger 16.54 the danger 1. clearly borrowed
want 16.62 to want 1. clearly borrowed
choose 16.622 to choose 4. very little evidence for borrowing
hope 16.63 to hope 5. no evidence for borrowing
faithful 16.65 faithful 1. clearly borrowed
< fidēs (Latin )
true 16.66 true 5. no evidence for borrowing
lie 16.67 to lie(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
deceit 16.68 the deceit 1. clearly borrowed
falsity 16.68 the deceit 1. clearly borrowed
< falsus (Latin )
forgive 16.69 to forgive 5. no evidence for borrowing
pardon 16.69 to forgive 1. clearly borrowed
good 16.71 good 5. no evidence for borrowing
bad 16.72 bad 5. no evidence for borrowing
right 16.73 right(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
wrong 16.74 wrong 4. very little evidence for borrowing
fault 16.76 the fault 1. clearly borrowed
mistake 16.77 the mistake 1. clearly borrowed
blame 16.78 the blame 1. clearly borrowed
praise 16.79 the praise 1. clearly borrowed
beautiful 16.81 beautiful 1. clearly borrowed
ugly 16.82 ugly 1. clearly borrowed
greedy 16.83 greedy 5. no evidence for borrowing
clever 16.84 clever 5. no evidence for borrowing
smart 16.84 clever 5. no evidence for borrowing
mind 17.11 the mind 5. no evidence for borrowing
think 17.13 to think(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
think 17.14 to think(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
believe 17.15 to believe 5. no evidence for borrowing
understand 17.16 to understand 5. no evidence for borrowing
know 17.17 to know 5. no evidence for borrowing
guess 17.171 to guess 5. no evidence for borrowing
imitate 17.172 to imitate 1. clearly borrowed
seem 17.18 to seem 1. clearly borrowed
idea 17.19 the idea 1. clearly borrowed
idea (Latin )
< idéā (Greek )
wise 17.21 wise 5. no evidence for borrowing
stupid 17.22 stupid 1. clearly borrowed
mad 17.23 mad 5. no evidence for borrowing
learn 17.24 to learn 5. no evidence for borrowing
study 17.242 to study 1. clearly borrowed
< studium (Latin )
teach 17.25 to teach 5. no evidence for borrowing
pupil 17.26 the pupil 1. clearly borrowed
teacher 17.27 the teacher 5. no evidence for borrowing
school 17.28 the school 1. clearly borrowed
< skholē (Greek )
remember 17.31 to remember 1. clearly borrowed
forget 17.32 to forget 5. no evidence for borrowing
clear 17.34 clear 1. clearly borrowed
< clārus (Latin )
obscure 17.35 obscure 1. clearly borrowed
secret 17.36 secret 1. clearly borrowed
certain 17.37 certain 1. clearly borrowed
sure 17.37 certain 1. clearly borrowed
explain 17.38 to explain 1. clearly borrowed
intention 17.41 the intention 1. clearly borrowed
cause 17.42 the cause 1. clearly borrowed
< causa (Latin )
doubt 17.43 the doubt 1. clearly borrowed
< dubium (Latin )
suspect 17.44 to suspect 1. clearly borrowed
betray 17.441 to betray 1. clearly borrowed
< tradere (Latin )
need 17.45 the need or necessity 5. no evidence for borrowing
necessity 17.45 the need or necessity 1. clearly borrowed
easy 17.46 easy 1. clearly borrowed
difficult 17.47 difficult 1. clearly borrowed
try 17.48 to try 1. clearly borrowed
manner 17.49 the manner 1. clearly borrowed
way 17.49 the manner 5. no evidence for borrowing
and 17.51 and 5. no evidence for borrowing
because 17.52 because 1. clearly borrowed
if 17.53 if 5. no evidence for borrowing
or 17.54 or 5. no evidence for borrowing
yes 17.55 yes 5. no evidence for borrowing
no 17.56 no 5. no evidence for borrowing
how? 17.61 how? 5. no evidence for borrowing
how many? 17.62 how many? 5. no evidence for borrowing
how much? 17.63 how much? 5. no evidence for borrowing
what? 17.64 what? 5. no evidence for borrowing
when? 17.65 when? 5. no evidence for borrowing
where? 17.66 where? 5. no evidence for borrowing
which? 17.67 which? 5. no evidence for borrowing
who? 17.68 who? 5. no evidence for borrowing
why? 17.69 why? 5. no evidence for borrowing
voice 18.11 the voice 1. clearly borrowed
sing 18.12 to sing 5. no evidence for borrowing
shout 18.13 to shout 5. no evidence for borrowing
whisper 18.15 to whisper 5. no evidence for borrowing
mumble 18.16 to mumble 3. perhaps borrowed
mummelen (Dutch , uncertain)
mummelen (Middle Low German , uncertain)
whistle 18.17 to whistle 5. no evidence for borrowing
shriek 18.18 to shriek 3. perhaps borrowed
howl 18.19 to howl 5. no evidence for borrowing
speak 18.21 to speak or talk 5. no evidence for borrowing
talk 18.21 to speak or talk 5. no evidence for borrowing
stammer 18.211 to stutter or stammer 5. no evidence for borrowing
stutter 18.211 to stutter or stammer 5. no evidence for borrowing
say 18.22 to say 5. no evidence for borrowing
tell 18.221 to tell 5. no evidence for borrowing
speech 18.222 the speech 5. no evidence for borrowing
(be) silent 18.23 to be silent 1. clearly borrowed
language 18.24 the language 1. clearly borrowed
< lingua (Latin )
word 18.26 the word 5. no evidence for borrowing
name 18.28 the name 5. no evidence for borrowing
ask (1) 18.31 to ask(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
answer 18.32 to answer 5. no evidence for borrowing
reply 18.32 to answer 1. clearly borrowed
admit 18.33 to admit 1. clearly borrowed
deny 18.34 to deny 1. clearly borrowed
< negāre (Latin )
ask (2) 18.35 to ask(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
promise 18.36 to promise 1. clearly borrowed
refuse 18.37 to refuse 1. clearly borrowed
forbid 18.38 to forbid 5. no evidence for borrowing
scold 18.39 to scold 1. clearly borrowed
call (1) 18.41 to call(1) 1. clearly borrowed
call (2) 18.42 to call(2) 1. clearly borrowed
announce 18.43 to announce 1. clearly borrowed
threaten 18.44 to threaten 5. no evidence for borrowing
boast 18.45 to boast 5. no evidence for borrowing
write 18.51 to write 5. no evidence for borrowing
read 18.52 to read 5. no evidence for borrowing
paper 18.56 the paper 1. clearly borrowed
pen 18.57 the pen 1. clearly borrowed
book 18.61 the book 5. no evidence for borrowing
poet 18.67 the poet 1. clearly borrowed
flute 18.71 the flute 1. clearly borrowed
drum 18.72 the drum 4. very little evidence for borrowing
trumpet 18.73 the horn or trumpet 1. clearly borrowed
rattle 18.74 the rattle 5. no evidence for borrowing
country 19.11 the country 1. clearly borrowed
homeland 19.12 the native country 5. no evidence for borrowing
town 19.15 the town 5. no evidence for borrowing
city 19.15 the town 1. clearly borrowed
village 19.16 the village 1. clearly borrowed
boundary 19.17 the boundary 1. clearly borrowed
people 19.21 the people 1. clearly borrowed
< populus (Latin )
clan 19.23 the clan 1. clearly borrowed
< planta (Latin )
chieftain 19.24 the chieftain 1. clearly borrowed
stick 19.25 the walking stick 5. no evidence for borrowing
rule 19.31 to rule or govern 5. no evidence for borrowing
govern 19.31 to rule or govern 1. clearly borrowed
king 19.32 the king 5. no evidence for borrowing
queen 19.33 the queen 5. no evidence for borrowing
noble 19.36 the noble 1. clearly borrowed
citizen 19.37 the citizen 1. clearly borrowed
master 19.41 the master 1. clearly borrowed
slave 19.42 the slave 1. clearly borrowed
< sclavus (Latin )
servant 19.43 the servant 1. clearly borrowed
freeman 19.44 the freeman 5. no evidence for borrowing
liberate 19.445 to liberate 1. clearly borrowed
order 19.45 to command or order 1. clearly borrowed
command 19.45 to command or order 1. clearly borrowed
obey 19.46 to obey 1. clearly borrowed
allow 19.47 to permit 1. clearly borrowed
friend 19.51 the friend 5. no evidence for borrowing
enemy 19.52 the enemy 1. clearly borrowed
neighbour 19.54 the neighbour 5. no evidence for borrowing
stranger 19.55 the stranger 1. clearly borrowed
guest 19.56 the guest 5. no evidence for borrowing
invite 19.565 to invite 1. clearly borrowed
host 19.57 the host 1. clearly borrowed
< hospes (Latin )
help 19.58 to help 5. no evidence for borrowing
prevent 19.59 to prevent 1. clearly borrowed
custom 19.61 the custom 1. clearly borrowed
quarrel 19.62 the quarrel 1. clearly borrowed
plot 19.63 the plot 1. clearly borrowed
< plattus (Latin )
meet 19.65 to meet 5. no evidence for borrowing
prostitute 19.72 the prostitute 1. clearly borrowed
fight 20.11 to fight 5. no evidence for borrowing
war 20.13 the war or battle 3. perhaps borrowed
battle 20.13 the war or battle 1. clearly borrowed
peace 20.14 the peace 1. clearly borrowed
army 20.15 the army 1. clearly borrowed
< armāta (Latin )
soldier 20.17 the soldier 1. clearly borrowed
weapons 20.21 the weapons 5. no evidence for borrowing
club 20.22 the club 1. clearly borrowed
battle-axe 20.222 the battle-axe 1. clearly borrowed
sling 20.23 the sling 2. probably borrowed
slinge (Middle Low German , uncertain)
slinge (Dutch , uncertain)
bow 20.24 the bow 5. no evidence for borrowing
arrow 20.25 the arrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
spear 20.26 the spear 5. no evidence for borrowing
sword 20.27 the sword 5. no evidence for borrowing
gun 20.28 the gun 3. perhaps borrowed
armour 20.31 the armour 1. clearly borrowed
helmet 20.33 the helmet 5. no evidence for borrowing
shield 20.34 the shield 5. no evidence for borrowing
fortress 20.35 the fortress 1. clearly borrowed
castle 20.35 the fortress 1. clearly borrowed
tower 20.36 the tower 1. clearly borrowed
victory 20.41 the victory 1. clearly borrowed
defeat 20.42 the defeat 1. clearly borrowed
attack 20.43 the attack 1. clearly borrowed
defend 20.44 to defend 1. clearly borrowed
retreat 20.45 to retreat 1. clearly borrowed
surrender 20.46 to surrender 1. clearly borrowed
prisoner 20.47 the captive or prisoner 1. clearly borrowed
captive 20.47 the captive or prisoner 1. clearly borrowed
guard 20.471 the guard 1. clearly borrowed
booty 20.48 the booty 4. very little evidence for borrowing
< Beute (German )
ambush 20.49 the ambush 1. clearly borrowed
fisherman 20.51 the fisherman 5. no evidence for borrowing
fishhook 20.52 the fishhook 5. no evidence for borrowing
fishing line 20.53 the fishing line 5. no evidence for borrowing
fishing net 20.54 the fishnet 5. no evidence for borrowing
bait 20.56 the bait 2. probably borrowed
hunt 20.61 to hunt 5. no evidence for borrowing
shoot 20.62 to shoot 5. no evidence for borrowing
miss 20.63 to miss 5. no evidence for borrowing
trap 20.64 the trap 4. very little evidence for borrowing
trap 20.65 to trap 4. very little evidence for borrowing
law 21.11 the law 1. clearly borrowed
court 21.15 the court 1. clearly borrowed
adjudicate 21.16 to adjudicate 1. clearly borrowed
judgment 21.17 the judgment 1. clearly borrowed
judge 21.18 the judge 1. clearly borrowed
< iūdex (Latin )
plaintiff 21.21 the plaintiff 1. clearly borrowed
defendant 21.22 the defendant 1. clearly borrowed
witness 21.23 the witness 5. no evidence for borrowing
swear 21.24 to swear 5. no evidence for borrowing
oath 21.25 the oath 5. no evidence for borrowing
accuse 21.31 to accuse 1. clearly borrowed
condemn 21.32 to condemn 1. clearly borrowed
convict 21.33 to convict 1. clearly borrowed
acquit 21.34 to acquit 1. clearly borrowed
guilty 21.35 guilty 5. no evidence for borrowing
innocent 21.36 innocent 1. clearly borrowed
punishment 21.37 the penalty or punishment 1. clearly borrowed
< punīre (Latin )
fine 21.38 the fine 1. clearly borrowed
< finis (Latin )
prison 21.39 the prison 1. clearly borrowed
murder 21.42 the murder 5. no evidence for borrowing
adultery 21.43 the adultery 1. clearly borrowed
< adulter (Latin )
rape 21.44 the rape 1. clearly borrowed
< rapīna (Latin )
arson 21.46 the arson 1. clearly borrowed
perjury 21.47 the perjury 1. clearly borrowed
steal 21.51 to steal 5. no evidence for borrowing
thief 21.52 the thief 5. no evidence for borrowing
religion 22.11 the religion 1. clearly borrowed
god 22.12 the god 5. no evidence for borrowing
temple 22.13 the temple 1. clearly borrowed
church 22.131 the church 1. clearly borrowed
mosque 22.132 the mosque 1. clearly borrowed
< masjid (Arabic )
altar 22.14 the altar 1. clearly borrowed
sacrifice 22.15 the sacrifice 1. clearly borrowed
worship 22.16 to worship 5. no evidence for borrowing
pray 22.17 to pray 1. clearly borrowed
priest 22.18 the priest 1. clearly borrowed
holy 22.19 holy 5. no evidence for borrowing
preach 22.22 to preach 1. clearly borrowed
bless 22.23 to bless 5. no evidence for borrowing
curse 22.24 to curse 5. no evidence for borrowing
fast 22.26 to fast 5. no evidence for borrowing
heaven 22.31 the heaven 5. no evidence for borrowing
hell 22.32 the hell 5. no evidence for borrowing
demon 22.35 the demon 1. clearly borrowed
devil 22.35 the demon 1. clearly borrowed
idol 22.37 the idol 1. clearly borrowed
magic 22.42 the magic 1. clearly borrowed
witch 22.43 the sorcerer or witch 5. no evidence for borrowing
sorcerer 22.43 the sorcerer or witch 1. clearly borrowed
fairy 22.44 the fairy or elf 1. clearly borrowed
< fāta (Latin )
elf 22.44 the fairy or elf 5. no evidence for borrowing
ghost 22.45 the ghost 5. no evidence for borrowing
omen 22.47 the omen 1. clearly borrowed
circumcision 22.5 the circumcision 1. clearly borrowed
radio 23.1 the radio 5. no evidence for borrowing
television 23.11 the television 5. no evidence for borrowing
telephone 23.12 the telephone 5. no evidence for borrowing
bicycle, bike 23.13 the bicycle 5. no evidence for borrowing
motorcycle 23.135 the motorcycle 5. no evidence for borrowing
car 23.14 the car 1. clearly borrowed
bus 23.15 the bus 1. clearly borrowed
train 23.155 the train 1. clearly borrowed
aeroplane 23.16 the airplane 5. no evidence for borrowing
electricity 23.17 the electricity 1. clearly borrowed
battery 23.175 the battery 1. clearly borrowed
brake 23.18 to brake 3. perhaps borrowed
motor 23.185 the motor 1. clearly borrowed
machine 23.19 the machine 1. clearly borrowed
petrol(eum) 23.195 the petroleum 1. clearly borrowed
hospital 23.2 the hospital 1. clearly borrowed
nurse 23.21 the nurse 1. clearly borrowed
pill 23.22 the pill or tablet 1. clearly borrowed
pille (Middle Low German , uncertain)
pille (Dutch , uncertain)
< pilula (Latin )
tablet 23.22 the pill or tablet 1. clearly borrowed
injection 23.23 the injection 1. clearly borrowed
glasses 23.24 the spectacles/glasses 5. no evidence for borrowing
government 23.3 the government 1. clearly borrowed
president 23.31 the president 1. clearly borrowed
minister 23.32 the minister 1. clearly borrowed
police 23.33 the police 1. clearly borrowed
< pólis (Greek )
driving licence 23.34 the driver's license 1. clearly borrowed
number plate 23.35 the license plate 5. no evidence for borrowing
birth certificate 23.36 the birth certificate 1. clearly borrowed
crime 23.37 the crime 1. clearly borrowed
< crīmen (Latin )
election 23.38 the election 1. clearly borrowed
< eligere (Latin )
address 23.385 the address 1. clearly borrowed
number 23.39 the number 1. clearly borrowed
< numerus (Latin )
street 23.395 the street 1. clearly borrowed
post 23.4 the post/mail 1. clearly borrowed
< posita (Latin )
stamp 23.41 the postage stamp 5. no evidence for borrowing
letter 23.42 the letter 1. clearly borrowed
postcard 23.43 the postcard 1. clearly borrowed
bank 23.44 the bank 1. clearly borrowed
tap 23.5 the tap/faucet 5. no evidence for borrowing
sink 23.51 the sink 5. no evidence for borrowing
toilet 23.52 the toilet 1. clearly borrowed
< tēla (Latin )
mattress 23.53 the mattress 1. clearly borrowed
tin 23.54 the tin/can 5. no evidence for borrowing
screw 23.55 the screw 1. clearly borrowed
screwdriver 23.555 the screwdriver 5. no evidence for borrowing
bottle 23.56 the bottle 1. clearly borrowed
< buttis (Latin )
sweets 23.565 the candy/sweets 5. no evidence for borrowing
plastic 23.57 the plastic 1. clearly borrowed
bomb 23.575 the bomb 1. clearly borrowed
< bómbos (Greek )
workshop 23.58 the workshop 5. no evidence for borrowing
cigarette 23.59 the cigarette 1. clearly borrowed
newspaper 23.6 the newspaper 5. no evidence for borrowing
calendar 23.61 the calendar 1. clearly borrowed
film 23.62 the film/movie 5. no evidence for borrowing
music 23.63 the music 1. clearly borrowed
song 23.64 the song 5. no evidence for borrowing
tea 23.9 the tea 1. clearly borrowed
thee (Dutch )
< tiä (Min )
coffee 23.91 the coffee 1. clearly borrowed
< qahwa (Arabic )
be 24.01 to be 5. no evidence for borrowing
become 24.02 to become 5. no evidence for borrowing
without 24.03 without 5. no evidence for borrowing
with 24.04 with 5. no evidence for borrowing
through 24.05 through 5. no evidence for borrowing
not 24.06 not 5. no evidence for borrowing
this 24.07 this 5. no evidence for borrowing
that 24.08 that 5. no evidence for borrowing
here 24.09 here 5. no evidence for borrowing
there 24.1 there 5. no evidence for borrowing
other 24.11 other 5. no evidence for borrowing
next 24.12 next 5. no evidence for borrowing
same 24.13 same 1. clearly borrowed
nothing 24.14 nothing 5. no evidence for borrowing