English Vocabulary

by Anthony Grant

The vocabulary contains 1516 meaning-word pairs from the recipient language English . The corresponding text chapter was published in the book "Loanwords in the World's Languages". The language page English contains a list of all loanwords arranged by donor languoid.

The word is given in the usual orthography or transcription, and in the usual citation form.

Click on a word to get even more information than is shown in this table.

The Loanword Typology code is the identifier of the Loanword Typology meaning. Sorting by LWT Code sorts the words thematically by semantic field.
This column shows the labels of the Loanword Typology meanings. By clicking on a meaning label, you get more information about the meaning, as well as a list of all words that are counterparts of that meaning.

There are five borrowed statuses, reflecting decreasing likelihood that the word is a loanword:

  1. clearly borrowed
  2. probably borrowed
  3. perhaps borrowed
  4. very little evidence for borrowing
  5. no evidence for borrowing
This is the time period during which the word is hypothesized to have come into the language as a loanword, or during which it is first attested, or for which it can be reconstructed.
This gives the usual written form for languages that do not use the Latin script.
For (possible) loanwords, this column shows the words in the source languages that served as models.
Word LWT Code Meaning Borrowed Status Source Words
[help] [help] [help] [help] [help]
world 1.1 the world 5. no evidence for borrowing
land 1.21 the land 5. no evidence for borrowing
soil 1.212 the soil 1. clearly borrowed
< solum ( Latin )
dust 1.213 the dust 5. no evidence for borrowing
mud 1.214 the mud 3. perhaps borrowed
modde ( Dutch )
sand 1.215 the sand 5. no evidence for borrowing
mountain 1.22 the mountain or hill 1. clearly borrowed
hill 1.22 the mountain or hill 5. no evidence for borrowing
cliff 1.222 the cliff or precipice 4. very little evidence for borrowing
precipice 1.222 the cliff or precipice 1. clearly borrowed
plain 1.23 the plain 1. clearly borrowed
< plānus ( Latin )
valley 1.24 the valley 1. clearly borrowed
< vallēs ( Latin )
island 1.25 the island 5. no evidence for borrowing
mainland 1.26 the mainland 5. no evidence for borrowing
shore 1.27 the shore 2. probably borrowed
schôre ( Middle Low German , uncertain)
schôre ( Dutch , uncertain)
cave 1.28 the cave 1. clearly borrowed
cave ( French )
< cāva ( Latin )
water 1.31 the water 5. no evidence for borrowing
sea 1.32 the sea 5. no evidence for borrowing
calm 1.322 calm 1. clearly borrowed
< kaúma ( Greek )
rough 1.323 rough(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
foam 1.324 the foam 5. no evidence for borrowing
ocean 1.329 the ocean 1. clearly borrowed
< okeanos ( Greek )
lake 1.33 the lake 1. clearly borrowed
lac ( French )
< lacus ( Latin )
bay 1.34 the bay 1. clearly borrowed
baie ( French )
< baia ( Latin )
lagoon 1.341 the lagoon 1. clearly borrowed
< lacūna ( Latin )
reef 1.342 the reef 1. clearly borrowed
riffe ( Middle Low German , uncertain)
riffe ( Dutch , uncertain)
cape 1.343 the cape 1. clearly borrowed
cap ( French )
< caput ( Latin )
wave 1.35 the wave 5. no evidence for borrowing
tide 1.352 the tide 5. no evidence for borrowing
low tide 1.353 the low tide 1. clearly borrowed
high tide 1.354 the high tide 5. no evidence for borrowing
river 1.36 the river or stream 1. clearly borrowed
stream 1.36 the river or stream 5. no evidence for borrowing
whirlpool 1.362 the whirlpool 1. clearly borrowed
spring 1.37 the spring or well 5. no evidence for borrowing
well 1.37 the spring or well 5. no evidence for borrowing
swamp 1.38 the swamp 2. probably borrowed
swampen ( Middle Low German , uncertain)
swampen ( Dutch , uncertain)
waterfall 1.39 the waterfall 5. no evidence for borrowing
forest 1.41 the woods or forest 1. clearly borrowed
< forestis ( Latin )
wood(s) 1.41 the woods or forest 5. no evidence for borrowing
savanna 1.411 the savanna 1. clearly borrowed
< sabana ( Taino )
wood 1.43 the wood 5. no evidence for borrowing
stone 1.44 the stone or rock 5. no evidence for borrowing
rock 1.44 the stone or rock 1. clearly borrowed
earthquake 1.45 the earthquake 5. no evidence for borrowing
sky 1.51 the sky 1. clearly borrowed
sun 1.52 the sun 5. no evidence for borrowing
moon 1.53 the moon 5. no evidence for borrowing
star 1.54 the star 5. no evidence for borrowing
lightning 1.55 the lightning 5. no evidence for borrowing
thunder 1.56 the thunder 5. no evidence for borrowing
lightning bolt 1.57 the bolt of lightning 5. no evidence for borrowing
storm 1.58 the storm 5. no evidence for borrowing
rainbow 1.59 the rainbow 5. no evidence for borrowing
light 1.61 the light 5. no evidence for borrowing
darkness 1.62 the darkness 5. no evidence for borrowing
shadow 1.63 the shade or shadow 5. no evidence for borrowing
shade 1.63 the shade or shadow 5. no evidence for borrowing
dew 1.64 the dew 5. no evidence for borrowing
air 1.71 the air 1. clearly borrowed
air ( French )
< aēr ( Greek )
wind 1.72 the wind 5. no evidence for borrowing
cloud 1.73 the cloud 5. no evidence for borrowing
fog 1.74 the fog 5. no evidence for borrowing
rain 1.75 the rain 5. no evidence for borrowing
snow 1.76 the snow 5. no evidence for borrowing
ice 1.77 the ice 5. no evidence for borrowing
northern lights 1.771 the arctic lights 5. no evidence for borrowing
freeze 1.775 to freeze 5. no evidence for borrowing
weather 1.78 the weather 5. no evidence for borrowing
fire 1.81 the fire 5. no evidence for borrowing
flame 1.82 the flame 1. clearly borrowed
< flamma ( Latin )
smoke 1.83 the smoke 5. no evidence for borrowing
steam 1.831 the steam 5. no evidence for borrowing
ash 1.84 the ash 5. no evidence for borrowing
embers 1.841 the embers 5. no evidence for borrowing
burn 1.851 to burn(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
burn 1.852 to burn(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
light 1.86 to light 5. no evidence for borrowing
extinguish 1.861 to extinguish 1. clearly borrowed
match 1.87 the match 1. clearly borrowed
< múxā ( Greek )
firewood 1.88 the firewood 5. no evidence for borrowing
charcoal 1.89 the charcoal 5. no evidence for borrowing
person 2.1 the person 1. clearly borrowed
man 2.21 the man 5. no evidence for borrowing
woman 2.22 the woman 5. no evidence for borrowing
male 2.23 male(1) 1. clearly borrowed
< masculus ( Latin )
female 2.24 female(1) 1. clearly borrowed
< fēmella ( Latin )
boy 2.25 the boy 4. very little evidence for borrowing
girl 2.26 the girl 5. no evidence for borrowing
child 2.27 the child(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
baby 2.28 the baby 4. very little evidence for borrowing
baban ( Welsh )
husband 2.31 the husband 1. clearly borrowed
wife 2.32 the wife 5. no evidence for borrowing
marry 2.33 to marry 1. clearly borrowed
wedding 2.34 the wedding 5. no evidence for borrowing
divorce 2.341 the divorce 1. clearly borrowed
father 2.35 the father 5. no evidence for borrowing
mother 2.36 the mother 5. no evidence for borrowing
parent 2.37 the parents 1. clearly borrowed
son 2.41 the son 5. no evidence for borrowing
daughter 2.42 the daughter 5. no evidence for borrowing
child 2.43 the child(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
brother 2.44 the brother 5. no evidence for borrowing
sister 2.45 the sister 2. probably borrowed
sibling 2.456 the sibling 5. no evidence for borrowing
twins 2.458 the twins 5. no evidence for borrowing
grandfather 2.46 the grandfather 1. clearly borrowed
< grandis ( Latin )
old man 2.461 the old man 5. no evidence for borrowing
grandmother 2.47 the grandmother 1. clearly borrowed
< grandis ( Latin )
old woman 2.471 the old woman 5. no evidence for borrowing
grandparent 2.4711 the grandparents 1. clearly borrowed
grandson 2.48 the grandson 1. clearly borrowed
< grandis ( Latin )
granddaughter 2.49 the granddaughter 1. clearly borrowed
< grandis ( Latin )
grandchild 2.5 the grandchild 5. no evidence for borrowing
< grandis ( Latin )
uncle 2.51 the uncle 1. clearly borrowed
aunt 2.52 the aunt 1. clearly borrowed
< amita ( Latin )
nephew 2.53 the nephew 2. probably borrowed
niece 2.54 the niece 1. clearly borrowed
cousin 2.55 the cousin 1. clearly borrowed
ancestor 2.56 the ancestors 1. clearly borrowed
descendant 2.57 the descendants 1. clearly borrowed
father-in-law 2.61 the father-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
mother-in-law 2.62 the mother-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
son-in-law 2.63 the son-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
daughter-in-law 2.64 the daughter-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
stepfather 2.71 the stepfather 5. no evidence for borrowing
stepmother 2.72 the stepmother 5. no evidence for borrowing
stepson 2.73 the stepson 5. no evidence for borrowing
stepdaughter 2.74 the stepdaughter 5. no evidence for borrowing
orphan 2.75 the orphan 1. clearly borrowed
widow 2.76 the widow 5. no evidence for borrowing
widower 2.77 the widower 5. no evidence for borrowing
relative 2.81 the relatives 1. clearly borrowed
family 2.82 the family 1. clearly borrowed
I 2.91 I 5. no evidence for borrowing
you 2.92 you (singular) 5. no evidence for borrowing
he 2.931 he 5. no evidence for borrowing
she 2.932 she 5. no evidence for borrowing
it 2.933 it 5. no evidence for borrowing
we 2.94 we 5. no evidence for borrowing
you 2.95 you (plural) 5. no evidence for borrowing
they 2.96 they 1. clearly borrowed
animal 3.11 the animal 1. clearly borrowed
male 3.12 male(2) 1. clearly borrowed
< masculus ( Latin )
female 3.13 female(2) 1. clearly borrowed
< fēmella ( Latin )
livestock 3.15 the livestock 5. no evidence for borrowing
pasture 3.16 the pasture 1. clearly borrowed
< pastura ( Latin )
herdsman 3.18 the herdsman 5. no evidence for borrowing
stable 3.19 the stable or stall 1. clearly borrowed
< stabulum ( Latin )
stall 3.19 the stable or stall 5. no evidence for borrowing
cattle 3.2 the cattle 1. clearly borrowed
bull 3.21 the bull 5. no evidence for borrowing
ox 3.22 the ox 5. no evidence for borrowing
cow 3.23 the cow 5. no evidence for borrowing
calf 3.24 the calf 5. no evidence for borrowing
sheep 3.25 the sheep 5. no evidence for borrowing
ram 3.26 the ram 5. no evidence for borrowing
ewe 3.28 the ewe 5. no evidence for borrowing
lamb 3.29 the lamb 5. no evidence for borrowing
boar 3.32 the boar 5. no evidence for borrowing
sow 3.34 the sow 5. no evidence for borrowing
pig 3.35 the pig 5. no evidence for borrowing
goat 3.36 the goat 5. no evidence for borrowing
billy-goat 3.37 the he-goat 5. no evidence for borrowing
kid 3.38 the kid 5. no evidence for borrowing
horse 3.41 the horse 5. no evidence for borrowing
stallion 3.42 the stallion 1. clearly borrowed
mare 3.44 the mare 5. no evidence for borrowing
foal 3.45 the foal or colt 5. no evidence for borrowing
colt 3.45 the foal or colt 5. no evidence for borrowing
donkey 3.46 the donkey 5. no evidence for borrowing
mule 3.47 the mule 1. clearly borrowed
< mūlus ( Latin )
poultry 3.5 the fowl 1. clearly borrowed
< pullus ( Latin )
cock 3.52 the cock/rooster 3. perhaps borrowed
coq ( French )
< coccus ( Latin )
rooster 3.52 the cock/rooster 5. no evidence for borrowing
hen 3.54 the hen 5. no evidence for borrowing
chicken 3.55 the chicken 5. no evidence for borrowing
goose 3.56 the goose 5. no evidence for borrowing
duck 3.57 the duck 5. no evidence for borrowing
nest 3.58 the nest 5. no evidence for borrowing
bird 3.581 the bird 5. no evidence for borrowing
(sea)gull 3.582 the seagull 1. clearly borrowed
heron 3.583 the heron 1. clearly borrowed
eagle 3.584 the eagle 1. clearly borrowed
< aquila ( Latin )
hawk 3.585 the hawk 5. no evidence for borrowing
vulture 3.586 the vulture 1. clearly borrowed
< vultur ( Latin )
bat 3.591 the bat 2. probably borrowed
parrot 3.592 the parrot 2. probably borrowed
crow 3.593 the crow 5. no evidence for borrowing
dove 3.594 the dove 5. no evidence for borrowing
owl 3.596 the owl 5. no evidence for borrowing
cormorant 3.597 the cormorant 1. clearly borrowed
toucan 3.598 the toucan 1. clearly borrowed
dog 3.61 the dog 5. no evidence for borrowing
rabbit 3.614 the rabbit 3. perhaps borrowed
cat 3.62 the cat 3. perhaps borrowed
opossum 3.622 the opossum 1. clearly borrowed
mouse 3.63 the mouse or rat 5. no evidence for borrowing
rat 3.63 the mouse or rat 4. very little evidence for borrowing
fish 3.65 the fish 5. no evidence for borrowing
fin 3.652 the fin 5. no evidence for borrowing
scale 3.653 the scale 1. clearly borrowed
gill 3.654 the gill 2. probably borrowed
shell 3.655 the shell 5. no evidence for borrowing
shark 3.661 the shark 5. no evidence for borrowing
dolphin 3.662 the porpoise or dolphin 1. clearly borrowed
porpoise 3.662 the porpoise or dolphin 1. clearly borrowed
whale 3.663 the whale 3. perhaps borrowed
(sting)ray 3.664 the stingray 1. clearly borrowed
raie ( French )
< raia ( Latin )
eel 3.665 the freshwater eel 5. no evidence for borrowing
wolf 3.71 the wolf 5. no evidence for borrowing
lion 3.72 the lion 1. clearly borrowed
leō ( Latin )
< leōn ( Greek )
bear 3.73 the bear 5. no evidence for borrowing
fox 3.74 the fox 5. no evidence for borrowing
deer 3.75 the deer 5. no evidence for borrowing
monkey 3.76 the monkey 4. very little evidence for borrowing
elephant 3.77 the elephant 1. clearly borrowed
camel 3.78 the camel 1. clearly borrowed
insect 3.81 the insect 1. clearly borrowed
louse 3.811 the head louse 5. no evidence for borrowing
nit 3.812 the nit 5. no evidence for borrowing
flea 3.813 the flea 5. no evidence for borrowing
centipede 3.814 the centipede 1. clearly borrowed
scorpion 3.815 the scorpion 1. clearly borrowed
< skorpios ( Greek )
cockroach 3.816 the cockroach 1. clearly borrowed
ant 3.817 the ant 5. no evidence for borrowing
spider 3.818 the spider 5. no evidence for borrowing
web 3.819 the spider web 5. no evidence for borrowing
bee 3.82 the bee 5. no evidence for borrowing
wax 3.821 the beeswax 5. no evidence for borrowing
hive 3.822 the beehive 5. no evidence for borrowing
wasp 3.823 the wasp 5. no evidence for borrowing
fly 3.83 the fly 5. no evidence for borrowing
midge 3.831 the sandfly or midge or gnat 5. no evidence for borrowing
gnat 3.831 the sandfly or midge or gnat 5. no evidence for borrowing
mosquito 3.832 the mosquito 1. clearly borrowed
prawn 3.833 the prawns or shrimp 5. no evidence for borrowing
shrimp 3.833 the prawns or shrimp 3. perhaps borrowed
termite 3.834 the termites 1. clearly borrowed
tick 3.835 the tick 5. no evidence for borrowing
worm 3.84 the worm 5. no evidence for borrowing
snake 3.85 the snake 5. no evidence for borrowing
coyote 3.862 the coyote 1. clearly borrowed
< coyotl ( Nahuatl )
hare 3.863 the hare 5. no evidence for borrowing
quail 3.865 the quail 1. clearly borrowed
raccoon 3.866 the raccoon 1. clearly borrowed
squirrel 3.869 the squirrel 1. clearly borrowed
reindeer 3.871 the reindeer/caribou 1. clearly borrowed
caribou 3.871 the reindeer/caribou 1. clearly borrowed
< qalipu ( Mikmaq )
elk 3.872 the elk/moose 5. no evidence for borrowing
moose 3.872 the elk/moose 1. clearly borrowed
beaver 3.873 the beaver 5. no evidence for borrowing
kangaroo 3.88 the kangaroo 1. clearly borrowed
anteater 3.89 the anteater 5. no evidence for borrowing
jaguar 3.9 the jaguar 1. clearly borrowed
firefly 3.91 the firefly 5. no evidence for borrowing
chameleon 3.913 the chameleon 1. clearly borrowed
buffalo 3.917 the buffalo 1. clearly borrowed
butterfly 3.92 the butterfly 5. no evidence for borrowing
grasshopper 3.93 the grasshopper 5. no evidence for borrowing
snail 3.94 the snail 5. no evidence for borrowing
frog 3.95 the frog 5. no evidence for borrowing
lizard 3.96 the lizard 1. clearly borrowed
< lacertus ( Latin )
crocodile 3.97 the crocodile or alligator 1. clearly borrowed
alligator 3.97 the crocodile or alligator 1. clearly borrowed
turtle 3.98 the turtle 1. clearly borrowed
< tortūca ( Latin )
tapir 3.99 the tapir 1. clearly borrowed
body 4.11 the body 5. no evidence for borrowing
skin 4.12 the skin or hide 1. clearly borrowed
hide 4.12 the skin or hide 5. no evidence for borrowing
flesh 4.13 the flesh 5. no evidence for borrowing
hair 4.14 the hair 5. no evidence for borrowing
beard 4.142 the beard 5. no evidence for borrowing
pubic hair 4.145 the pubic hair 1. clearly borrowed
dandruff 4.146 the dandruff 5. no evidence for borrowing
blood 4.15 the blood 5. no evidence for borrowing
vein 4.151 the vein or artery 1. clearly borrowed
< vēna ( Latin )
artery 4.151 the vein or artery 1. clearly borrowed
< artēria ( Greek )
bone 4.16 the bone 5. no evidence for borrowing
rib 4.162 the rib 5. no evidence for borrowing
horn 4.17 the horn 5. no evidence for borrowing
tail 4.18 the tail 5. no evidence for borrowing
back 4.19 the back 5. no evidence for borrowing
spine 4.191 the spine 1. clearly borrowed
< spīna ( Latin )
head 4.2 the head 5. no evidence for borrowing
temple(s) 4.201 the temples 1. clearly borrowed
skull 4.202 the skull 3. perhaps borrowed
brain 4.203 the brain 5. no evidence for borrowing
face 4.204 the face 1. clearly borrowed
< faciēs ( Latin )
forehead 4.205 the forehead 5. no evidence for borrowing
jaw 4.207 the jaw 1. clearly borrowed
cheek 4.208 the cheek 5. no evidence for borrowing
chin 4.209 the chin 5. no evidence for borrowing
eye 4.21 the eye 5. no evidence for borrowing
eyebrow 4.212 the eyebrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
eyelid 4.213 the eyelid 5. no evidence for borrowing
eyelash 4.214 the eyelash 5. no evidence for borrowing
blink 4.215 to blink 3. perhaps borrowed
ear 4.22 the ear 5. no evidence for borrowing
earlobe 4.221 the earlobe 1. clearly borrowed
lobus ( Latin )
< lobos ( Greek )
earwax 4.222 the earwax 5. no evidence for borrowing
nose 4.23 the nose 5. no evidence for borrowing
nostril 4.231 the nostril 5. no evidence for borrowing
snot 4.232 the nasal mucus 5. no evidence for borrowing
mouth 4.24 the mouth 5. no evidence for borrowing
beak 4.241 the beak 1. clearly borrowed
bec ( French )
< beccus ( Latin )
lip 4.25 the lip 5. no evidence for borrowing
tongue 4.26 the tongue 5. no evidence for borrowing
tooth 4.27 the tooth 5. no evidence for borrowing
gums 4.271 the gums 5. no evidence for borrowing
molar (tooth) 4.272 the molar tooth 1. clearly borrowed
neck 4.28 the neck 5. no evidence for borrowing
nape 4.281 the nape of the neck 5. no evidence for borrowing
throat 4.29 the throat 5. no evidence for borrowing
shoulder 4.3 the shoulder 5. no evidence for borrowing
shoulderblade 4.301 the shoulderblade 5. no evidence for borrowing
collarbone 4.302 the collarbone 5. no evidence for borrowing
arm 4.31 the arm 5. no evidence for borrowing
armpit 4.312 the armpit 1. clearly borrowed
elbow 4.32 the elbow 5. no evidence for borrowing
wrist 4.321 the wrist 5. no evidence for borrowing
hand 4.33 the hand 5. no evidence for borrowing
palm 4.331 the palm of the hand 1. clearly borrowed
< palma ( Latin )
finger 4.34 the finger 5. no evidence for borrowing
thumb 4.342 the thumb 5. no evidence for borrowing
(finger)nail 4.344 the fingernail 5. no evidence for borrowing
claw 4.345 the claw 5. no evidence for borrowing
leg 4.35 the leg 1. clearly borrowed
thigh 4.351 the thigh 5. no evidence for borrowing
calf 4.352 the calf of the leg 2. probably borrowed
knee 4.36 the knee 5. no evidence for borrowing
foot 4.37 the foot 5. no evidence for borrowing
ankle 4.371 the ankle 5. no evidence for borrowing
heel 4.372 the heel 5. no evidence for borrowing
footprint 4.374 the footprint 1. clearly borrowed
< premere ( Latin )
toe 4.38 the toe 5. no evidence for borrowing
wing 4.392 the wing 1. clearly borrowed
feather 4.393 the feather 5. no evidence for borrowing
chest 4.4 the chest 1. clearly borrowed
cista ( Latin )
< kistē ( Greek )
breast 4.41 the breast 5. no evidence for borrowing
nipple 4.412 the nipple or teat 5. no evidence for borrowing
teat 4.412 the nipple or teat 5. no evidence for borrowing
udder 4.42 the udder 5. no evidence for borrowing
navel 4.43 the navel 5. no evidence for borrowing
belly 4.431 the belly 5. no evidence for borrowing
heart 4.44 the heart 5. no evidence for borrowing
lung 4.441 the lung 5. no evidence for borrowing
liver 4.45 the liver 5. no evidence for borrowing
kidney 4.451 the kidney 5. no evidence for borrowing
spleen 4.452 the spleen 1. clearly borrowed
< splēn ( Greek )
stomach 4.46 the stomach 1. clearly borrowed
guts 4.461 the intestines or guts 5. no evidence for borrowing
intestines 4.461 the intestines or guts 1. clearly borrowed
waist 4.462 the waist 5. no evidence for borrowing
hip 4.463 the hip 5. no evidence for borrowing
buttocks 4.464 the buttocks 5. no evidence for borrowing
arse 4.464 the buttocks 5. no evidence for borrowing
sinew 4.465 the sinew or tendon 5. no evidence for borrowing
tendon 4.465 the sinew or tendon 1. clearly borrowed
< tēnōn ( Greek )
womb 4.47 the womb 5. no evidence for borrowing
testicles 4.49 the testicles 1. clearly borrowed
penis 4.492 the penis 1. clearly borrowed
vagina 4.493 the vagina 1. clearly borrowed
vulva 4.494 the vulva 1. clearly borrowed
vulva ( Latin )
breathe 4.51 to breathe 5. no evidence for borrowing
yawn 4.52 to yawn 5. no evidence for borrowing
hiccough 4.521 to hiccough 5. no evidence for borrowing
cough 4.53 to cough 5. no evidence for borrowing
sneeze 4.54 to sneeze 5. no evidence for borrowing
sweat 4.55 to perspire 5. no evidence for borrowing
spit 4.56 to spit 5. no evidence for borrowing
vomit 4.57 to vomit 1. clearly borrowed
puke 4.57 to vomit 5. no evidence for borrowing
bite 4.58 to bite 5. no evidence for borrowing
lick 4.59 to lick 5. no evidence for borrowing
dribble 4.591 to dribble 5. no evidence for borrowing
sleep 4.61 to sleep 5. no evidence for borrowing
snore 4.612 to snore 5. no evidence for borrowing
dream 4.62 to dream 5. no evidence for borrowing
wake (up) 4.63 to wake up 5. no evidence for borrowing
fart 4.64 to fart 5. no evidence for borrowing
piss 4.65 to piss 2. probably borrowed
urinate 4.65 to piss 1. clearly borrowed
shit 4.66 to shit 5. no evidence for borrowing
defecate 4.66 to shit 1. clearly borrowed
fuck 4.67 to have sex 5. no evidence for borrowing
make love 4.67 to have sex 5. no evidence for borrowing
copulate 4.67 to have sex 1. clearly borrowed
shiver 4.68 to shiver 5. no evidence for borrowing
bathe 4.69 to bathe 5. no evidence for borrowing
beget 4.71 to beget 5. no evidence for borrowing
be born 4.72 to be born 5. no evidence for borrowing
pregnant 4.73 pregnant 1. clearly borrowed
conceive 4.732 to conceive 1. clearly borrowed
alive 4.74 to be alive 5. no evidence for borrowing
life 4.741 the life 5. no evidence for borrowing
die 4.75 to die 1. clearly borrowed
dead 4.7501 dead 5. no evidence for borrowing
drown 4.751 to drown 5. no evidence for borrowing
kill 4.76 to kill 5. no evidence for borrowing
corpse 4.77 the corpse 1. clearly borrowed
< corpus ( Latin )
carcass 4.771 the carcass 1. clearly borrowed
bury 4.78 to bury 5. no evidence for borrowing
grave 4.79 the grave 5. no evidence for borrowing
strong 4.81 strong 5. no evidence for borrowing
weak 4.82 weak 5. no evidence for borrowing
healthy 4.83 healthy 5. no evidence for borrowing
sick 4.84 sick/ill 5. no evidence for borrowing
ill 4.84 sick/ill 1. clearly borrowed
fever 4.841 the fever 1. clearly borrowed
< febris ( Latin )
goitre 4.842 the goitre/goiter 1. clearly borrowed
< guttur ( Latin )
cold 4.843 the cold 5. no evidence for borrowing
disease 4.844 the disease 1. clearly borrowed
wound 4.85 the wound or sore 5. no evidence for borrowing
sore 4.85 the wound or sore 5. no evidence for borrowing
bruise 4.852 the bruise 5. no evidence for borrowing
swelling 4.853 the swelling 5. no evidence for borrowing
itch 4.854 the itch 5. no evidence for borrowing
scratch 4.8541 to scratch 5. no evidence for borrowing
blister 4.855 the blister 4. very little evidence for borrowing
boil 4.856 the boil 5. no evidence for borrowing
pus 4.857 the pus 1. clearly borrowed
pūs ( Latin )
scar 4.858 the scar 1. clearly borrowed
cure 4.86 to cure 1. clearly borrowed
< cūráre ( Latin )
heal 4.86 to cure 5. no evidence for borrowing
doctor 4.87 the physician 1. clearly borrowed
< doctor ( Latin )
medicine 4.88 the medicine 1. clearly borrowed
poison 4.89 the poison 1. clearly borrowed
tired 4.91 tired 5. no evidence for borrowing
rest 4.912 to rest 5. no evidence for borrowing
lazy 4.92 lazy 2. probably borrowed
bald 4.93 bald 5. no evidence for borrowing
lame 4.94 lame 5. no evidence for borrowing
deaf 4.95 deaf 5. no evidence for borrowing
mute 4.96 mute 1. clearly borrowed
muet ( French )
< mūtus ( Latin )
blind 4.97 blind 5. no evidence for borrowing
drunk 4.98 drunk 5. no evidence for borrowing
naked 4.99 naked 5. no evidence for borrowing
eat 5.11 to eat 5. no evidence for borrowing
food 5.12 the food 5. no evidence for borrowing
cooked 5.121 cooked 1. clearly borrowed
raw 5.122 raw 5. no evidence for borrowing
ripe 5.123 ripe 5. no evidence for borrowing
unripe 5.124 unripe 5. no evidence for borrowing
rotten 5.125 rotten 1. clearly borrowed
drink 5.13 to drink 5. no evidence for borrowing
hungry 5.14 to be hungry 5. no evidence for borrowing
famine 5.141 the famine 1. clearly borrowed
faim ( French )
< fāmēs ( Latin )
thirsty 5.15 to be thirsty 5. no evidence for borrowing
suck 5.16 to suck 5. no evidence for borrowing
chew 5.18 to chew 5. no evidence for borrowing
swallow 5.181 to swallow 5. no evidence for borrowing
choke 5.19 to choke 5. no evidence for borrowing
cook 5.21 to cook 1. clearly borrowed
boil 5.22 to boil 1. clearly borrowed
< bullire ( Latin )
roast 5.23 to roast or fry 1. clearly borrowed
fry 5.23 to roast or fry 1. clearly borrowed
< frigere ( Latin )
bake 5.24 to bake 5. no evidence for borrowing
oven 5.25 the oven 5. no evidence for borrowing
pot 5.26 the pot 2. probably borrowed
pot ( French )
< *pottus ( Latin )
kettle 5.27 the kettle 1. clearly borrowed
pan 5.28 the pan 1. clearly borrowed
< patánē ( Greek )
dish 5.31 the dish 1. clearly borrowed
< dískos ( Greek )
plate 5.32 the plate 1. clearly borrowed
bowl 5.33 the bowl 5. no evidence for borrowing
jug 5.34 the jug/pitcher 5. no evidence for borrowing
cup 5.35 the cup 1. clearly borrowed
saucer 5.36 the saucer 5. no evidence for borrowing
spoon 5.37 the spoon 5. no evidence for borrowing
knife 5.38 the knife(1) 3. perhaps borrowed
fork 5.39 the fork 1. clearly borrowed
furca ( Latin )
tongs 5.391 the tongs 5. no evidence for borrowing
meal 5.41 the meal 5. no evidence for borrowing
breakfast 5.42 the breakfast 5. no evidence for borrowing
lunch 5.43 the lunch 5. no evidence for borrowing
dinner 5.44 the dinner 1. clearly borrowed
supper 5.45 the supper 1. clearly borrowed
peel 5.46 to peel 1. clearly borrowed
sieve 5.47 to sieve or to strain 5. no evidence for borrowing
strain 5.47 to sieve or to strain 1. clearly borrowed
scrape 5.48 to scrape 2. probably borrowed
stir 5.49 to stir or to mix 5. no evidence for borrowing
mix 5.49 to stir or to mix 1. clearly borrowed
< miscere ( Latin )
bread 5.51 the bread 5. no evidence for borrowing
dough 5.53 the dough 5. no evidence for borrowing
knead 5.54 to knead 5. no evidence for borrowing
flour 5.55 the flour 1. clearly borrowed
grind 5.56 to crush or to grind 5. no evidence for borrowing
crush 5.56 to crush or to grind 1. clearly borrowed
mill 5.57 the mill 1. clearly borrowed
mortar 5.58 the mortar(1) 1. clearly borrowed
pestle 5.59 the pestle 1. clearly borrowed
meat 5.61 the meat 5. no evidence for borrowing
sausage 5.63 the sausage 1. clearly borrowed
soup 5.64 the soup 1. clearly borrowed
vegetables 5.65 the vegetables 1. clearly borrowed
bean 5.66 the bean 5. no evidence for borrowing
potato 5.7 the potato 1. clearly borrowed
< batata ( Taino )
fruit 5.71 the fruit 1. clearly borrowed
< fructus ( Latin )
bunch 5.712 the bunch 5. no evidence for borrowing
fig 5.75 the fig 1. clearly borrowed
< ficus ( Latin )
grape 5.76 the grape 1. clearly borrowed
nut 5.77 the nut 5. no evidence for borrowing
olive 5.78 the olive 1. clearly borrowed
< elaiá ( Greek )
oil 5.79 the oil 1. clearly borrowed
oleum ( Latin )
fat 5.791 the grease or fat 5. no evidence for borrowing
grease 5.791 the grease or fat 1. clearly borrowed
< crassus ( Latin )
salt 5.81 the salt 5. no evidence for borrowing
pepper 5.82 the pepper 1. clearly borrowed
piper ( Latin )
chili (pepper) 5.821 the chili pepper 1. clearly borrowed
< chilli ( Nahuatl )
honey 5.84 the honey 5. no evidence for borrowing
sugar 5.85 the sugar 1. clearly borrowed
< sukkar ( Arabic )
milk 5.86 the milk 5. no evidence for borrowing
milk 5.87 to milk 5. no evidence for borrowing
cheese 5.88 the cheese 1. clearly borrowed
butter 5.89 the butter 1. clearly borrowed
drink 5.9 the drink 5. no evidence for borrowing
mead 5.91 the mead 5. no evidence for borrowing
wine 5.92 the wine 1. clearly borrowed
beer 5.93 the beer 4. very little evidence for borrowing
alcohol 5.94 the fermented drink 1. clearly borrowed
egg 5.97 the egg 1. clearly borrowed
yolk 5.971 the yolk 5. no evidence for borrowing
put on 6.11 to put on 5. no evidence for borrowing
bag 6.99901 the bag 3. perhaps borrowed
clothes 6.12 the clothing or clothes 5. no evidence for borrowing
tailor 6.13 the tailor 1. clearly borrowed
cloth 6.21 the cloth 5. no evidence for borrowing
wool 6.22 the wool 5. no evidence for borrowing
linen 6.23 the linen 5. no evidence for borrowing
cotton 6.24 the cotton 1. clearly borrowed
< qutn ( Arabic )
silk 6.25 the silk 1. clearly borrowed
felt 6.27 the felt 5. no evidence for borrowing
fur 6.28 the fur 1. clearly borrowed
leather 6.29 the leather 5. no evidence for borrowing
spin 6.31 to spin 5. no evidence for borrowing
spindle 6.32 the spindle 5. no evidence for borrowing
weave 6.33 to weave 5. no evidence for borrowing
loom 6.34 the loom 5. no evidence for borrowing
sew 6.35 to sew 5. no evidence for borrowing
needle 6.36 the needle(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
awl 6.37 the awl 5. no evidence for borrowing
thread 6.38 the thread 5. no evidence for borrowing
dye 6.39 to dye 5. no evidence for borrowing
cloak 6.41 the cloak 1. clearly borrowed
poncho 6.411 the poncho 1. clearly borrowed
dress 6.42 the (woman's) dress 1. clearly borrowed
coat 6.43 the coat 1. clearly borrowed
cote ( French )
shirt 6.44 the shirt 5. no evidence for borrowing
collar 6.45 the collar 1. clearly borrowed
< collāre ( Latin )
skirt 6.46 the skirt 1. clearly borrowed
grass-skirt 6.461 the grass-skirt 5. no evidence for borrowing
trousers 6.48 the trousers 2. probably borrowed
sock 6.49 the sock or stocking 1. clearly borrowed
stocking 6.49 the sock or stocking 5. no evidence for borrowing
shoe 6.51 the shoe 5. no evidence for borrowing
boot 6.52 the boot 1. clearly borrowed
shoemaker 6.54 the shoemaker 5. no evidence for borrowing
hat 6.55 the hat or cap 5. no evidence for borrowing
cap 6.55 the hat or cap 1. clearly borrowed
cappa ( Latin )
belt 6.57 the belt 1. clearly borrowed
glove 6.58 the glove 5. no evidence for borrowing
veil 6.59 the veil 1. clearly borrowed
< vēlum ( Latin )
pocket 6.61 the pocket 1. clearly borrowed
button 6.62 the button 1. clearly borrowed
pin 6.63 the pin 1. clearly borrowed
pinna ( Latin )
ornament 6.71 the ornament or adornment 1. clearly borrowed
jewel 6.72 the jewel 1. clearly borrowed
ring 6.73 the ring 5. no evidence for borrowing
bracelet 6.74 the bracelet 1. clearly borrowed
necklace 6.75 the necklace 1. clearly borrowed
< laqueus ( Latin )
bead 6.76 the bead 5. no evidence for borrowing
earring 6.77 the earring 5. no evidence for borrowing
headband 6.78 the headband or headdress 1. clearly borrowed
tattoo 6.79 the tattoo 1. clearly borrowed
handkerchief, hankie 6.81 the handkerchief or rag 1. clearly borrowed
rag 6.81 the handkerchief or rag 2. probably borrowed
towel 6.82 the towel 1. clearly borrowed
comb 6.91 the comb 5. no evidence for borrowing
brush 6.92 the brush 1. clearly borrowed
< bruscum ( Latin )
plait 6.921 the plait/braid 1. clearly borrowed
braid 6.921 the plait/braid 5. no evidence for borrowing
razor 6.93 the razor 1. clearly borrowed
ointment 6.94 the ointment 1. clearly borrowed
< unguere ( Latin )
soap 6.95 the soap 3. perhaps borrowed
mirror 6.96 the mirror 1. clearly borrowed
snowshoe 6.98 the snowshoe 5. no evidence for borrowing
live 7.11 to live 5. no evidence for borrowing
house 7.12 the house 5. no evidence for borrowing
hut 7.13 the hut 1. clearly borrowed
shed 7.131 the garden-house 5. no evidence for borrowing
tent 7.14 the tent 1. clearly borrowed
< tenta ( Latin )
yard 7.15 the yard or court 5. no evidence for borrowing
kitchen 7.17 the cookhouse 1. clearly borrowed
hall 7.18 the meeting house 5. no evidence for borrowing
room 7.21 the room 5. no evidence for borrowing
door 7.22 the door or gate 5. no evidence for borrowing
gate 7.22 the door or gate 5. no evidence for borrowing
doorpost 7.221 the doorpost 5. no evidence for borrowing
< posita ( Latin )
lock 7.23 the lock 5. no evidence for borrowing
latch 7.231 the latch or door-bolt 1. clearly borrowed
bolt 7.231 the latch or door-bolt 5. no evidence for borrowing
padlock 7.232 the padlock 5. no evidence for borrowing
key 7.24 the key 5. no evidence for borrowing
window 7.25 the window 1. clearly borrowed
floor 7.26 the floor 5. no evidence for borrowing
wall 7.27 the wall 1. clearly borrowed
fireplace 7.31 the fireplace 5. no evidence for borrowing
stove 7.32 the stove 5. no evidence for borrowing
chimney 7.33 the chimney 1. clearly borrowed
ladder 7.37 the ladder 5. no evidence for borrowing
bed 7.42 the bed 5. no evidence for borrowing
pillow 7.421 the pillow 1. clearly borrowed
blanket 7.422 the blanket 1. clearly borrowed
< blank ( Germanic )
chair 7.43 the chair 1. clearly borrowed
table 7.44 the table 1. clearly borrowed
lamp 7.45 the lamp or torch 1. clearly borrowed
torch 7.45 the lamp or torch 1. clearly borrowed
< torca ( Latin )
candle 7.46 the candle 1. clearly borrowed
shelf 7.47 the shelf 1. clearly borrowed
trough 7.48 the trough 5. no evidence for borrowing
roof 7.51 the roof 5. no evidence for borrowing
thatch 7.52 the thatch 5. no evidence for borrowing
ridgepole 7.53 the ridgepole 5. no evidence for borrowing
rafter 7.54 the rafter 5. no evidence for borrowing
beam 7.55 the beam 5. no evidence for borrowing
post 7.56 the post or pole 1. clearly borrowed
posta ( Latin )
board 7.57 the board 5. no evidence for borrowing
arch 7.58 the arch 1. clearly borrowed
< arcum ( Latin )
mason 7.61 the mason 1. clearly borrowed
brick 7.62 the brick 1. clearly borrowed
< bricke ( Middle Low German , uncertain)
< bricke ( Dutch , uncertain)
mortar 7.63 the mortar(2) 1. clearly borrowed
adobe 7.64 the adobe 1. clearly borrowed
< ţob ( Coptic )
camp 7.65 the camp 1. clearly borrowed
hammock 7.66 the hammock 1. clearly borrowed
< hamaka ( Taino )
tan 7.67 to tan 2. probably borrowed
farmer 8.11 the farmer 1. clearly borrowed
field 8.12 the field 5. no evidence for borrowing
paddy 8.121 the paddy 1. clearly borrowed
padi ( Malay )
garden 8.13 the garden 1. clearly borrowed
cultivate 8.15 to cultivate 1. clearly borrowed
fence 8.16 the fence 1. clearly borrowed
ditch 8.17 the ditch 5. no evidence for borrowing
plough 8.21 to plough/plow 5. no evidence for borrowing
furrow 8.212 the furrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
dig 8.22 to dig 2. probably borrowed
< dijk ( Dutch )
spade 8.23 the spade 4. very little evidence for borrowing
shovel 8.24 the shovel 5. no evidence for borrowing
hoe 8.25 the hoe 5. no evidence for borrowing
pitchfork 8.26 the fork(2)/pitchfork 1. clearly borrowed
pic ( French )
rake 8.27 the rake 5. no evidence for borrowing
lasso 8.29 the lasso 1. clearly borrowed
< laqueus ( Latin )
sow 8.31 to sow 5. no evidence for borrowing
seed 8.311 the seed 5. no evidence for borrowing
mow 8.32 to mow 5. no evidence for borrowing
sickle 8.33 the sickle or scythe 1. clearly borrowed
scythe 8.33 the sickle or scythe 5. no evidence for borrowing
thresh 8.34 to thresh 5. no evidence for borrowing
threshing-floor 8.35 the threshing-floor 5. no evidence for borrowing
harvest 8.41 the harvest 5. no evidence for borrowing
grain 8.42 the grain 1. clearly borrowed
< grānum ( Latin )
wheat 8.43 the wheat 5. no evidence for borrowing
barley 8.44 the barley 5. no evidence for borrowing
rye 8.45 the rye 5. no evidence for borrowing
oat 8.46 the oats 5. no evidence for borrowing
corn 8.47 the maize/corn 5. no evidence for borrowing
maize 8.47 the maize/corn 1. clearly borrowed
rice 8.48 the rice 1. clearly borrowed
riz ( French )
< arici ( Tamil )
grass 8.51 the grass 5. no evidence for borrowing
hay 8.52 the hay 5. no evidence for borrowing
plant 8.53 the plant 1. clearly borrowed
plant 8.531 to plant 1. clearly borrowed
root 8.54 the root 5. no evidence for borrowing
branch 8.55 the branch 1. clearly borrowed
< branca ( Latin )
leaf 8.56 the leaf 5. no evidence for borrowing
flower 8.57 the flower 1. clearly borrowed
tree 8.6 the tree 5. no evidence for borrowing
oak 8.61 the oak 5. no evidence for borrowing
beech 8.62 the beech 5. no evidence for borrowing
birch 8.63 the birch 5. no evidence for borrowing
pine 8.64 the pine 1. clearly borrowed
fir 8.65 the fir 5. no evidence for borrowing
acorn 8.66 the acorn 5. no evidence for borrowing
vine 8.67 the vine 1. clearly borrowed
< vīnea ( Latin )
tobacco 8.68 the tobacco 1. clearly borrowed
< tabako ( Taino )
smoke 8.69 to smoke 5. no evidence for borrowing
pipe 8.691 the pipe 1. clearly borrowed
(tree-)stump 8.72 the tree stump 5. no evidence for borrowing
tree trunk 8.73 the tree trunk 1. clearly borrowed
< truncus ( Latin )
bark 8.75 the bark 1. clearly borrowed
sap 8.76 the sap 5. no evidence for borrowing
palm 8.81 the palm tree 1. clearly borrowed
palma ( Latin )
coconut 8.82 the coconut 1. clearly borrowed
citrus 8.83 the citrus fruit 1. clearly borrowed
< kítron ( Greek )
lemon 8.83 the citrus fruit 1. clearly borrowed
< laimūn ( Arabic )
orange 8.83 the citrus fruit 1. clearly borrowed
< nāram