Sakha Vocabulary

by Brigitte Pakendorf & Innokentij Novgorodov

The vocabulary contains 1588 meaning-word pairs from the recipient language Sakha. The corresponding text chapter was published in the book Loanwords in the World's Languages. The language page Sakha contains a list of all loanwords arranged by donor languoid.

Word LWT Code Meaning Borrowed Status Source Words
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Word

The word is given in the usual orthography or transcription, and in the usual citation form.

Click on a word to get even more information than is shown in this table.

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LWT Code

The Loanword Typology code is the identifier of the Loanword Typology meaning. Sorting by LWT Code sorts the words thematically by semantic field.

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Meaning

This column shows the labels of the Loanword Typology meanings. By clicking on a meaning label, you get more information about the meaning, as well as a list of all words that are counterparts of that meaning.

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Borrowed Status

There are five borrowed statuses, reflecting decreasing likelihood that the word is a loanword:

  1. clearly borrowed
  2. probably borrowed
  3. perhaps borrowed
  4. very little evidence for borrowing
  5. no evidence for borrowing
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Source Words

For (possible) loanwords, this column shows the words in the source languages that served as models.

aːn doydu 1.1 the world 5. no evidence for borrowing
sir 1.21 the land 5. no evidence for borrowing
buor 1.212 the soil 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨːl 1.213 the dust 1. clearly borrowed
buor 1.213 the dust 5. no evidence for borrowing
badaraːn 1.214 the mud 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨrɨː 1.214 the mud 2. probably borrowed
kumaχ 1.215 the sand 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaya 1.22 the mountain or hill 4. very little evidence for borrowing
mɨraːn 1.22 the mountain or hill 3. perhaps borrowed
sɨːr (1) 1.22 the mountain or hill 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaya 1.222 the cliff or precipice 4. very little evidence for borrowing
sɨːr (1) 1.222 the cliff or precipice 5. no evidence for borrowing
χonuː 1.23 the plain 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨhɨː 1.23 the plain 5. no evidence for borrowing
χočo 1.24 the valley 1. clearly borrowed
arɨː (1) 1.25 the island 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨtɨː 1.27 the shore 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨtɨl 1.27 the shore 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaya χaspaɣa 1.28 the cave 5. no evidence for borrowing
uː 1.31 the water 5. no evidence for borrowing
muora 1.32 the sea 1. clearly borrowed
bayɣal 1.32 the sea 2. probably borrowed
küːgen 1.324 the foam 3. perhaps borrowed
akɨyaːn 1.329 the ocean 1. clearly borrowed
küöl 1.33 the lake 5. no evidence for borrowing
χomo 1.34 the bay 4. very little evidence for borrowing
tumus 1.343 the cape 5. no evidence for borrowing
dolgun 1.35 the wave 5. no evidence for borrowing
örüs 1.36 the river or stream 3. perhaps borrowed
üreχ 1.36 the river or stream 4. very little evidence for borrowing
burulɣan 1.362 the whirlpool 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤüːkte 1.37 the spring or well 1. clearly borrowed
χoluoʤas 1.37 the spring or well 1. clearly borrowed
kuta 1.38 the swamp 1. clearly borrowed
ʤebere, ʤabara 1.38 the swamp 2. probably borrowed
kürülgen 1.39 the waterfall 5. no evidence for borrowing
oyuːr 1.41 the woods or forest 3. perhaps borrowed
tɨa 1.41 the woods or forest 5. no evidence for borrowing
mas 1.43 the wood 2. probably borrowed
taːs (1) 1.44 the stone or rock 5. no evidence for borrowing
sir χamsaːhɨna 1.45 the earthquake 5. no evidence for borrowing
χallaːn 1.51 the sky 5. no evidence for borrowing
kün 1.52 the sun 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨy 1.53 the moon 5. no evidence for borrowing
sulus 1.54 the star 5. no evidence for borrowing
čaɣɨlɣan 1.55 the lightning 1. clearly borrowed
etiŋ 1.56 the thunder 5. no evidence for borrowing
čaɣɨlɣan 1.57 the bolt of lightning 1. clearly borrowed
buːrɣa 1.58 the storm 1. clearly borrowed
sillie 1.58 the storm 5. no evidence for borrowing
kustuk 1.59 the rainbow 4. very little evidence for borrowing
uot 1.61 the light 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨrdɨk (1) 1.61 the light 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaraŋa (1) 1.62 the darkness 5. no evidence for borrowing
külük 1.63 the shade or shadow 5. no evidence for borrowing
siːk 1.64 the dew 3. perhaps borrowed
salgɨn 1.71 the air 1. clearly borrowed
tɨal 1.72 the wind 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨlɨt 1.73 the cloud 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuman 1.74 the fog 5. no evidence for borrowing
ardaχ 1.75 the rain 5. no evidence for borrowing
samɨːr 1.75 the rain 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaːr 1.76 the snow 5. no evidence for borrowing
muːs 1.77 the ice 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤükeːbil uota 1.771 the arctic lights 5. no evidence for borrowing
toŋ 1.775 to freeze 5. no evidence for borrowing
kün-ʤɨl 1.78 the weather 5. no evidence for borrowing
< yɨl (Turkic )
uot 1.81 the fire 5. no evidence for borrowing
tölön 1.82 the flame 1. clearly borrowed
buruo 1.83 the smoke 5. no evidence for borrowing
paːr 1.831 the steam 1. clearly borrowed
buruo 1.831 the steam 5. no evidence for borrowing
kül (1) 1.84 the ash 5. no evidence for borrowing
čoχ 1.841 the embers 1. clearly borrowed
< čoɣ (Turkic )
umat 1.851 to burn(1) 4. very little evidence for borrowing
umay 1.852 to burn(2) 4. very little evidence for borrowing
umat 1.86 to light 4. very little evidence for borrowing
otun 1.86 to light 5. no evidence for borrowing
umuruor 1.861 to extinguish 2. probably borrowed
ispiːske 1.87 the match 1. clearly borrowed
mas 1.88 the firewood 2. probably borrowed
čoχ 1.89 the charcoal 1. clearly borrowed
< čoɣ (Turkic )
kihi 2.1 the person 5. no evidence for borrowing
er kihi 2.21 the man 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤaχtar 2.22 the woman 5. no evidence for borrowing
uol 2.25 the boy 5. no evidence for borrowing
uol oɣo 2.25 the boy 5. no evidence for borrowing
uol 2.251 the young man 5. no evidence for borrowing
eder kihi 2.251 the young man 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨːs 2.26 the girl 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨːs oɣo 2.26 the girl 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨːs 2.261 the young woman 5. no evidence for borrowing
oɣo 2.27 the child(1) 3. perhaps borrowed
kɨhɨl oɣo 2.28 the baby 5. no evidence for borrowing
kergen 2.31 the husband 1. clearly borrowed
oɣonɲor 2.31 the husband 2. probably borrowed
er 2.31 the husband 5. no evidence for borrowing
kergen 2.32 the wife 1. clearly borrowed
emeːχsin 2.32 the wife 1. clearly borrowed
oyoχ 2.32 the wife 5. no evidence for borrowing
kergennen 2.33 to marry 5. no evidence for borrowing
kergen taɣɨs 2.33 to marry 5. no evidence for borrowing
erge bar 2.33 to marry 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨal buol 2.33 to marry 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨbaːyba 2.34 the wedding 1. clearly borrowed
χolbohuː 2.34 the wedding 5. no evidence for borrowing
uruː 2.34 the wedding 5. no evidence for borrowing
araχsɨː 2.341 the divorce 5. no evidence for borrowing
aɣa 2.35 the father 5. no evidence for borrowing
iỹe 2.36 the mother 5. no evidence for borrowing
töröppütter 2.37 the parents 5. no evidence for borrowing
uol 2.41 the son 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨːs 2.42 the daughter 5. no evidence for borrowing
oɣo 2.43 the child(2) 3. perhaps borrowed
ɨččat 2.43 the child(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
biː 2.444 the older brother 5. no evidence for borrowing
ubay 2.444 the older brother 5. no evidence for borrowing
ini 2.445 the younger brother 5. no evidence for borrowing
surus 2.445 the younger brother 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨraːt 2.445 the younger brother 1. clearly borrowed
eʤiːy 2.454 the older sister 1. clearly borrowed
aɣas 2.454 the older sister 4. very little evidence for borrowing
balɨs 2.455 the younger sister 5. no evidence for borrowing
biːrge töröːbütter 2.456 the sibling 5. no evidence for borrowing
igireler 2.458 the twins 1. clearly borrowed
ehe 2.46 the grandfather 5. no evidence for borrowing
oɣonɲor 2.461 the old man 2. probably borrowed
ebe 2.47 the grandmother 5. no evidence for borrowing
emeːχsin 2.471 the old woman 1. clearly borrowed
sien 2.48 the grandson 5. no evidence for borrowing
sien 2.49 the granddaughter 5. no evidence for borrowing
sien 2.5 the grandchild 5. no evidence for borrowing
ubay 2.51 the uncle 5. no evidence for borrowing
taːy (1) 2.511 the mother's brother 5. no evidence for borrowing
abaɣa 2.512 the father's brother 3. perhaps borrowed
eʤiːy 2.52 the aunt 1. clearly borrowed
taːy eʤiːy 2.521 the mother's sister 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨraːt 2.53 the nephew 1. clearly borrowed
balɨs 2.54 the niece 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨraːt 2.55 the cousin 1. clearly borrowed
balɨs 2.55 the cousin 5. no evidence for borrowing
öbügeler 2.56 the ancestors 1. clearly borrowed
törüt 2.56 the ancestors 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨččat 2.57 the descendants 5. no evidence for borrowing
keskil 2.57 the descendants 5. no evidence for borrowing
aɣa kɨlɨn 2.61 the father-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
toyon 2.611 the father-in-law (of a woman) 2. probably borrowed
iỹe kɨlɨn 2.62 the mother-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
χotun 2.621 the mother-in-law (of a woman) 3. perhaps borrowed
kütüöt 2.63 the son-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
kütüöt 2.631 the son-in-law (of a woman) 5. no evidence for borrowing
kiỹiːt 2.64 the daughter-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
kiỹiːt 2.641 the daughter-in-law (of a woman) 5. no evidence for borrowing
iːppit aɣa 2.71 the stepfather 5. no evidence for borrowing
maːčaχa iỹe 2.72 the stepmother 1. clearly borrowed
iːppit iỹe 2.72 the stepmother 5. no evidence for borrowing
iːppit uol 2.73 the stepson 5. no evidence for borrowing
iːppit kɨːs 2.74 the stepdaughter 5. no evidence for borrowing
tulaːyaχ 2.75 the orphan 5. no evidence for borrowing
ogdoːbo 2.76 the widow 1. clearly borrowed
ogdoːbo 2.77 the widower 1. clearly borrowed
uruːlar 2.81 the relatives 5. no evidence for borrowing
aymaχtar 2.81 the relatives 1. clearly borrowed
ɨal 2.82 the family 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤon 2.82 the family 1. clearly borrowed
min 2.91 I 5. no evidence for borrowing
en 2.92 you (singular) 5. no evidence for borrowing
kini 2.93 he/she/it 5. no evidence for borrowing
kini 2.931 he 5. no evidence for borrowing
kini 2.932 she 5. no evidence for borrowing
kini 2.933 it 5. no evidence for borrowing
bihigi 2.94 we 5. no evidence for borrowing
en bihikki 2.941 we (inclusive) 5. no evidence for borrowing
ehigi 2.95 you (plural) 5. no evidence for borrowing
kiniler 2.96 they 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨːl 3.11 the animal 4. very little evidence for borrowing
atɨːr 3.12 male(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨhɨ 3.13 female(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
süöhü 3.15 the livestock 1. clearly borrowed
meččireŋ 3.16 the pasture 5. no evidence for borrowing
bostuːk 3.18 the herdsman 1. clearly borrowed
manɨːhɨt 3.18 the herdsman 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨnaχsɨt 3.18 the herdsman 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨlgɨhɨt 3.18 the herdsman 5. no evidence for borrowing
χoton 3.19 the stable or stall 1. clearly borrowed
ɨnaχ süöhü 3.2 the cattle 5. no evidence for borrowing
oɣus (1) 3.21 the bull 2. probably borrowed
at oɣus 3.22 the ox 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨnaχ 3.23 the cow 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɲirey 3.24 the calf 1. clearly borrowed
torbos 3.24 the calf 5. no evidence for borrowing
sibinɲe 3.35 the pig 1. clearly borrowed
čoːsku 3.35 the pig 1. clearly borrowed
sɨlgɨ 3.41 the horse 5. no evidence for borrowing
at 3.41 the horse 5. no evidence for borrowing
atɨːr 3.42 the stallion 5. no evidence for borrowing
bie 3.44 the mare 5. no evidence for borrowing
kulun 3.45 the foal or colt 5. no evidence for borrowing
ubaha 3.45 the foal or colt 4. very little evidence for borrowing
tɨy 3.45 the foal or colt 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤie kötörö 3.5 the fowl 5. no evidence for borrowing
bötüːk 3.52 the cock/rooster 1. clearly borrowed
kuːrussa 3.54 the hen 1. clearly borrowed
čopuːska 3.55 the chicken 1. clearly borrowed
χaːs (1) 3.56 the goose 5. no evidence for borrowing
kus 3.57 the duck 5. no evidence for borrowing
uya 3.58 the nest 5. no evidence for borrowing
kötör 3.581 the bird 5. no evidence for borrowing
čɨːčaːχ 3.581 the bird 1. clearly borrowed
χopto 3.582 the seagull 4. very little evidence for borrowing
kutan 3.583 the heron 5. no evidence for borrowing
χotoy 3.584 the eagle 5. no evidence for borrowing
moχsoɣol 3.585 the hawk 4. very little evidence for borrowing
sarɨː kɨnat 3.591 the bat 5. no evidence for borrowing
turaːχ 3.593 the crow 1. clearly borrowed
χoluːp 3.594 the dove 1. clearly borrowed
mekčirge 3.596 the owl 1. clearly borrowed
χaχχan 3.596 the owl 4. very little evidence for borrowing
ɨt (1) 3.61 the dog 5. no evidence for borrowing
xoruoluk 3.614 the rabbit 1. clearly borrowed
kuoska 3.62 the cat 1. clearly borrowed
kutuyaχ 3.63 the mouse or rat 5. no evidence for borrowing
balɨk 3.65 the fish 5. no evidence for borrowing
lapčaːn 3.652 the fin 1. clearly borrowed
χatɨrɨk 3.653 the scale 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaỹɨː 3.654 the gill 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaba χaːta 3.655 the shell 3. perhaps borrowed
börö 3.71 the wolf 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaχay 3.72 the lion 2. probably borrowed
ehe 3.73 the bear 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨrʤaɣas tɨataːɣɨ 3.73 the bear 5. no evidence for borrowing
sahɨl 3.74 the fox 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨrsa 3.74 the fox 5. no evidence for borrowing
kulaːhay 3.75 the deer 4. very little evidence for borrowing
tebien 3.78 the camel 1. clearly borrowed
üön 3.81 the insect 2. probably borrowed
üön-köyüːr 3.81 the insect 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨt 3.811 the head louse 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨt 3.8112 the body louse 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨt saːɣa 3.812 the nit 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨlaχɨ 3.813 the flea 1. clearly borrowed
tarakaːn 3.816 the cockroach 1. clearly borrowed
< tarakan (Tatar )
kɨmɨrdaɣas 3.817 the ant 5. no evidence for borrowing
oːɣuy, aːɣɨy 3.818 the spider 2. probably borrowed
oːɣuy sitime 3.819 the spider web 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨŋɨrɨa 3.82 the bee 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨŋɨrɨa uyata 3.822 the beehive 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨgaːyɨ, tigeːyi 3.823 the wasp 5. no evidence for borrowing
saχsɨrɣa 3.83 the fly 5. no evidence for borrowing
oŋoːyu 3.831 the sandfly or midge or gnat 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨːmaːyɨ 3.831 the sandfly or midge or gnat 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨrdaχ 3.832 the mosquito 4. very little evidence for borrowing
kumaːr 3.832 the mosquito 1. clearly borrowed
čierbe 3.84 the worm 1. clearly borrowed
moɣoy 3.85 the snake 1. clearly borrowed
erien üön 3.85 the snake 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuobaχ 3.863 the hare 5. no evidence for borrowing
tiːŋ 3.869 the squirrel 5. no evidence for borrowing
taba 3.871 the reindeer/caribou 5. no evidence for borrowing
taỹax 3.872 the elk/moose 4. very little evidence for borrowing
buobura 3.873 the beaver 1. clearly borrowed
ürümečči 3.92 the butterfly 4. very little evidence for borrowing
ahɨŋa 3.93 the grasshopper 5. no evidence for borrowing
čoχu χaːta 3.94 the snail 5. no evidence for borrowing
baɣa 3.95 the frog 5. no evidence for borrowing
külgeri 3.96 the lizard 2. probably borrowed
et (1) 4.11 the body 5. no evidence for borrowing
tiriː 4.12 the skin or hide 5. no evidence for borrowing
et (1) 4.13 the flesh 5. no evidence for borrowing
battaχ 4.14 the hair 5. no evidence for borrowing
as (1) 4.14 the hair 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨtɨk 4.142 the beard 5. no evidence for borrowing
tüː 4.144 the body hair 5. no evidence for borrowing
tüː 4.145 the pubic hair 5. no evidence for borrowing
χoɣoho 4.146 the dandruff 4. very little evidence for borrowing
χaːn 4.15 the blood 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨmɨr 4.151 the vein or artery 5. no evidence for borrowing
uŋuoχ 4.16 the bone 5. no evidence for borrowing
oyoɣos uŋuoɣa 4.162 the rib 5. no evidence for borrowing
muos 4.17 the horn 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuturuk 4.18 the tail 5. no evidence for borrowing
köɣüs 4.19 the back 5. no evidence for borrowing
uorɣa 4.191 the spine 5. no evidence for borrowing
tonoɣos 4.191 the spine 4. very little evidence for borrowing
bas (1) 4.2 the head 5. no evidence for borrowing
töbö 4.2 the head 5. no evidence for borrowing
čečegey 4.201 the temples 2. probably borrowed
čančɨk 4.201 the temples 1. clearly borrowed
čabɨrɣay 4.201 the temples 1. clearly borrowed
töbö uŋuoɣa 4.202 the skull 5. no evidence for borrowing
meyiː 4.203 the brain 5. no evidence for borrowing
sirey 4.204 the face 1. clearly borrowed
süːs (1) 4.205 the forehead 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨŋaːχ 4.207 the jaw 5. no evidence for borrowing
iedes 4.208 the cheek 5. no evidence for borrowing
seŋiye 4.209 the chin 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaraχ 4.21 the eye 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaːs (2) 4.212 the eyebrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaltaha 4.213 the eyelid 4. very little evidence for borrowing
kɨlaman 4.214 the eyelash 5. no evidence for borrowing
čapčɨlɨy, čɨpčɨlɨy 4.215 to blink 5. no evidence for borrowing
kulgaːχ 4.22 the ear 5. no evidence for borrowing
kulgaːχ eminɲeɣe 4.221 the earlobe 5. no evidence for borrowing
kulgaːχ χoɣohoto 4.222 the earwax 5. no evidence for borrowing
murun 4.23 the nose 5. no evidence for borrowing
tanɨː 4.231 the nostril 4. very little evidence for borrowing
murun χayaɣaha 4.231 the nostril 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨːŋk 4.232 the nasal mucus 3. perhaps borrowed
aỹaχ 4.24 the mouth 5. no evidence for borrowing
tumus 4.241 the beak 5. no evidence for borrowing
uos (1) 4.25 the lip 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨl 4.26 the tongue 5. no evidence for borrowing
tiːs 4.27 the tooth 5. no evidence for borrowing
miːle 4.271 the gums 1. clearly borrowed
balta 4.272 the molar tooth 5. no evidence for borrowing
moːy 4.28 the neck 5. no evidence for borrowing
arɣas 4.281 the nape of the neck 5. no evidence for borrowing
sürün 4.281 the nape of the neck 5. no evidence for borrowing
küömey 4.29 the throat 1. clearly borrowed
sarɨn 4.3 the shoulder 5. no evidence for borrowing
sarɨn χaptaɣaya 4.301 the shoulderblade 5. no evidence for borrowing
χomurɣan 4.302 the collarbone 2. probably borrowed
iliː 4.31 the arm 5. no evidence for borrowing
χonnoχ 4.312 the armpit 5. no evidence for borrowing
toŋoloχ, toɣonoχ 4.32 the elbow 5. no evidence for borrowing
begečček 4.321 the wrist 5. no evidence for borrowing
iliː 4.33 the hand 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨtɨs 4.331 the palm of the hand 5. no evidence for borrowing
tarbaχ 4.34 the finger 5. no evidence for borrowing
erbeχ 4.342 the thumb 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨŋɨraχ 4.344 the fingernail 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨŋɨraχ 4.345 the claw 5. no evidence for borrowing
ataχ 4.35 the leg 5. no evidence for borrowing
buːt 4.351 the thigh 5. no evidence for borrowing
soto bötöɣötö 4.352 the calf of the leg 5. no evidence for borrowing
tobuk 4.36 the knee 5. no evidence for borrowing
ulluŋaχ 4.37 the foot 5. no evidence for borrowing
ataχ 4.37 the foot 5. no evidence for borrowing
berbeːkey 4.371 the ankle 1. clearly borrowed
tileχ, tiŋileχ 4.372 the heel 4. very little evidence for borrowing
ataχ suola 4.374 the footprint 5. no evidence for borrowing
tarbaχ 4.38 the toe 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨnat 4.392 the wing 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuorsun 4.393 the feather 1. clearly borrowed
tüös 4.4 the chest 5. no evidence for borrowing
emiːy 4.41 the breast 5. no evidence for borrowing
tumuk 4.412 the nipple or teat 5. no evidence for borrowing
emiːy 4.42 the udder 5. no evidence for borrowing
kiːn 4.43 the navel 5. no evidence for borrowing
is (1) 4.431 the belly 5. no evidence for borrowing
süreχ 4.44 the heart 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨŋa 4.441 the lung 1. clearly borrowed
bɨar 4.45 the liver 5. no evidence for borrowing
büör 4.451 the kidney 5. no evidence for borrowing
taːl 4.452 the spleen 5. no evidence for borrowing
kurtaχ 4.46 the stomach 5. no evidence for borrowing
ohoɣostor 4.461 the intestines or guts 5. no evidence for borrowing
biːl 4.462 the waist 5. no evidence for borrowing
öttük 4.463 the hip 5. no evidence for borrowing
ulluk 4.463 the hip 5. no evidence for borrowing
emehe 4.464 the buttocks 4. very little evidence for borrowing
iŋiːr 4.465 the sinew or tendon 5. no evidence for borrowing
kieli 4.47 the womb 1. clearly borrowed
buom 4.47 the womb 5. no evidence for borrowing
matka 4.47 the womb 1. clearly borrowed
tahaːχ 4.49 the testicles 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨmɨːt 4.49 the testicles 5. no evidence for borrowing
übüs 4.492 the penis 4. very little evidence for borrowing
abas 4.493 the vagina 5. no evidence for borrowing
abas 4.494 the vulva 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨːn 4.51 to breathe 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤaːhɨy 4.52 to yawn 5. no evidence for borrowing
böt 4.521 to hiccough 5. no evidence for borrowing
sötölün 4.53 to cough 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨtɨrt 4.54 to sneeze 5. no evidence for borrowing
tirit 4.55 to perspire 5. no evidence for borrowing
silleː 4.56 to spit 5. no evidence for borrowing
χotuolaː 4.57 to vomit 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨtɨr 4.58 to bite 5. no evidence for borrowing
salaː 4.59 to lick 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨraːnnan 4.591 to dribble 5. no evidence for borrowing
utuy 4.61 to sleep 5. no evidence for borrowing
χahɨŋɨraː 4.612 to snore 5. no evidence for borrowing
tüheː 4.62 to dream 5. no evidence for borrowing
uhugun 4.63 to wake up 5. no evidence for borrowing
uturuktaː 4.64 to fart 5. no evidence for borrowing
iːkteː 4.65 to piss 5. no evidence for borrowing
saːχtaː 4.66 to shit 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨar 4.67 to have sex 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨn 4.67 to have sex 5. no evidence for borrowing
ilibireː 4.68 to shiver 5. no evidence for borrowing
suːn 4.69 to bathe 5. no evidence for borrowing
üösket 4.71 to beget 1. clearly borrowed
oŋor 4.71 to beget 5. no evidence for borrowing
töröː 4.72 to be born 5. no evidence for borrowing
isteːχ 4.73 pregnant 5. no evidence for borrowing
χat (1) 4.73 pregnant 4. very little evidence for borrowing
ɨaraχan 4.73 pregnant 5. no evidence for borrowing
χat (1) buol 4.732 to conceive 5. no evidence for borrowing
isteːχ buol 4.732 to conceive 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨaraχan buol 4.732 to conceive 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨːnnaːχ 4.74 to be alive 5. no evidence for borrowing
oloχ 4.741 the life 5. no evidence for borrowing
öl 4.75 to die 5. no evidence for borrowing
ölbüt 4.7501 dead 5. no evidence for borrowing
uːga tüs 4.751 to drown 5. no evidence for borrowing
ölör 4.76 to kill 5. no evidence for borrowing
ölük 4.77 the corpse 5. no evidence for borrowing
et (1) 4.771 the carcass 5. no evidence for borrowing
köm 4.78 to bury 5. no evidence for borrowing
kihi uŋuoɣa 4.79 the grave 5. no evidence for borrowing
iːn 4.79 the grave 5. no evidence for borrowing
küːsteːχ 4.81 strong 5. no evidence for borrowing
möltöχ 4.82 weak 5. no evidence for borrowing
čegien 4.83 healthy 3. perhaps borrowed
ɨalʤar 4.84 sick/ill 5. no evidence for borrowing
temperatura 4.841 the fever 1. clearly borrowed
soɣuo 4.842 the goitre/goiter 1. clearly borrowed
ur 4.842 the goitre/goiter 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨmnɨyɨː 4.843 the cold 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨarɨː 4.844 the disease 5. no evidence for borrowing
baːs 4.85 the wound or sore 5. no evidence for borrowing
köɣörüː 4.852 the bruise 5. no evidence for borrowing
ölörünüː 4.852 the bruise 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuturguya 4.853 the swelling 4. very little evidence for borrowing
kɨhɨː 4.854 the itch 5. no evidence for borrowing
tarbaː 4.8541 to scratch 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨha aːllarbɨt 4.855 the blister 5. no evidence for borrowing
χabɨllan taχsɨbɨt 4.855 the blister 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuturguya 4.856 the boil 4. very little evidence for borrowing
iriŋe 4.857 the pus 5. no evidence for borrowing
čer 4.858 the scar 1. clearly borrowed
ser (Buryat )
emteː 4.86 to cure 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨraːs 4.87 the physician 1. clearly borrowed
emčit 4.87 the physician 5. no evidence for borrowing
emp 4.88 the medicine 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤaːt 4.89 the poison 1. clearly borrowed
sülühün 4.89 the poison 1. clearly borrowed
sɨlaːybɨt 4.91 tired 1. clearly borrowed
sɨnɲan 4.912 to rest 5. no evidence for borrowing
süreɣe suoχ 4.92 lazy 5. no evidence for borrowing
taraɣay 4.93 bald 2. probably borrowed
doɣoloŋ 4.94 lame 1. clearly borrowed
ʤüley 4.95 deaf 1. clearly borrowed
tɨla suoχ 4.96 mute 5. no evidence for borrowing
balay 4.97 blind 1. clearly borrowed
χaraɣa suoχ 4.97 blind 5. no evidence for borrowing
itirik 4.98 drunk 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨgɨnɲaχ 4.99 naked 5. no evidence for borrowing
sie 5.11 to eat 5. no evidence for borrowing
ahaː (1) 5.11 to eat 5. no evidence for borrowing
as (2) 5.12 the food 5. no evidence for borrowing
ahɨlɨk 5.12 the food 5. no evidence for borrowing
busput 5.121 cooked 5. no evidence for borrowing
siːkey 5.122 raw 5. no evidence for borrowing
busput 5.123 ripe 5. no evidence for borrowing
sippit 5.123 ripe 5. no evidence for borrowing
siːkey 5.124 unripe 5. no evidence for borrowing
site ilik 5.124 unripe 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨtɨybɨt 5.125 rotten 5. no evidence for borrowing
is (2) 5.13 to drink 5. no evidence for borrowing
aččɨktaː 5.14 to be hungry 5. no evidence for borrowing
sut 5.141 the famine 5. no evidence for borrowing
χorguyuː 5.141 the famine 5. no evidence for borrowing
utat 5.15 to be thirsty 5. no evidence for borrowing
em 5.16 to suck 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨstaː 5.18 to chew 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨỹɨhɨn 5.181 to swallow 5. no evidence for borrowing
χar 5.19 to choke 5. no evidence for borrowing
čačay 5.19 to choke 1. clearly borrowed
tɨːnɨn χaːy 5.19 to choke 5. no evidence for borrowing
buhar 5.21 to cook 5. no evidence for borrowing
orguy 5.22 to boil 1. clearly borrowed
ɨhaːrɨlaː 5.23 to roast or fry 1. clearly borrowed
horkuoydaː 5.23 to roast or fry 5. no evidence for borrowing
üt 5.23 to roast or fry 5. no evidence for borrowing
buhar 5.24 to bake 5. no evidence for borrowing
ohoχ 5.25 the oven 5. no evidence for borrowing
küös 5.26 the pot 5. no evidence for borrowing
olguy, algɨy 5.26 the pot 4. very little evidence for borrowing
čuguːn 5.26 the pot 1. clearly borrowed
köstörüːle 5.26 the pot 1. clearly borrowed
soluːr, salɨːr 5.26 the pot 5. no evidence for borrowing
čaːnɲɨk 5.27 the kettle 1. clearly borrowed
χobordoːχ 5.28 the pan 1. clearly borrowed
bülüːde 5.31 the dish 1. clearly borrowed
terielke 5.32 the plate 1. clearly borrowed
miːske 5.33 the bowl 1. clearly borrowed
taːs (2) 5.33 the bowl 1. clearly borrowed
kupsuːn 5.34 the jug/pitcher 1. clearly borrowed
čaːskɨ 5.35 the cup 1. clearly borrowed
bülüːhe 5.36 the saucer 1. clearly borrowed
luoska 5.37 the spoon 1. clearly borrowed
bɨhaχ 5.38 the knife(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
biriːppe 5.38 the knife(1) 1. clearly borrowed
biːlke 5.39 the fork 1. clearly borrowed
sɨpsɨː 5.391 the tongs 1. clearly borrowed
asaːhɨn 5.41 the meal 5. no evidence for borrowing
čeydeː 5.42 the breakfast 5. no evidence for borrowing
ebiet 5.43 the lunch 1. clearly borrowed
ebiet 5.44 the dinner 1. clearly borrowed
čeydeː 5.45 the supper 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨraːstaː 5.46 to peel 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaχtaː, χaɣɨlaː 5.46 to peel 5. no evidence for borrowing
siːdeleː 5.47 to sieve or to strain 5. no evidence for borrowing
aːl (1) 5.48 to scrape 5. no evidence for borrowing
bulkuy 5.49 to stir or to mix 5. no evidence for borrowing
kiliep 5.51 the bread 1. clearly borrowed
tieste 5.53 the dough 1. clearly borrowed
mehiy 5.54 to knead 1. clearly borrowed
burduk 5.55 the flour 4. very little evidence for borrowing
tart 5.56 to crush or to grind 5. no evidence for borrowing
meliy 5.56 to crush or to grind 2. probably borrowed
mieliŋse 5.57 the mill 1. clearly borrowed
keliː 5.58 the mortar(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
et (1) 5.61 the meat 5. no evidence for borrowing
χalbahɨ 5.63 the sausage 1. clearly borrowed
sasiska 5.63 the sausage 1. clearly borrowed
miːn (1) 5.64 the soup 3. perhaps borrowed
< mien (Chinese )
oɣuruot aha 5.65 the vegetables 5. no evidence for borrowing
χortuoska 5.7 the potato 1. clearly borrowed
χortuopuy 5.7 the potato 1. clearly borrowed
erieχe 5.77 the nut 1. clearly borrowed
mas arɨːta 5.79 the oil 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨa 5.791 the grease or fat 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuːs 5.81 the salt 5. no evidence for borrowing
bieres 5.82 the pepper 1. clearly borrowed
müöt 5.84 the honey 1. clearly borrowed
saːχar 5.85 the sugar 1. clearly borrowed
üːt (1) 5.86 the milk 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨa 5.87 to milk 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨːr (2) 5.88 the cheese 1. clearly borrowed
arɨː (2) 5.89 the butter 5. no evidence for borrowing
utaχ 5.9 the drink 5. no evidence for borrowing
arɨgɨ 5.92 the wine 2. probably borrowed
< ʕaraq (Arabic )
piːbe 5.93 the beer 1. clearly borrowed
bɨraːga 5.94 the fermented drink 1. clearly borrowed
sɨmɨːt 5.97 the egg 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨmɨːt uoɣaha 5.971 the yolk 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨmɨːt araɣaha 5.971 the yolk 5. no evidence for borrowing
ket 6.11 to put on 5. no evidence for borrowing
taŋɨnnar 6.11 to put on 5. no evidence for borrowing
taŋas 6.12 the clothing or clothes 5. no evidence for borrowing
iːstenɲeŋ 6.13 the tailor 5. no evidence for borrowing
taŋas 6.21 the cloth 5. no evidence for borrowing
tüː 6.22 the wool 5. no evidence for borrowing
siːdes 6.24 the cotton 1. clearly borrowed
solko 6.25 the silk 1. clearly borrowed
boːlʤoχ 6.27 the felt 1. clearly borrowed
tüː 6.28 the fur 5. no evidence for borrowing
tiriː 6.29 the leather 5. no evidence for borrowing
ör (1) 6.31 to spin 5. no evidence for borrowing
χat (2) 6.31 to spin 5. no evidence for borrowing
tik 6.35 to sew 5. no evidence for borrowing
iːsten 6.35 to sew 5. no evidence for borrowing
inne 6.36 the needle(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
bürges 6.37 the awl 5. no evidence for borrowing
sap (1) 6.38 the thread 3. perhaps borrowed
sap (Turkic )
kɨraːskalaː 6.39 to dye 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨlaːččɨya 6.42 the (woman's) dress 1. clearly borrowed
ɨrbaːχɨ 6.42 the (woman's) dress 1. clearly borrowed
son 6.43 the coat 4. very little evidence for borrowing
boltuo 6.43 the coat 1. clearly borrowed
saɣinɲaχ 6.43 the coat 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨrbaːχɨ 6.44 the shirt 1. clearly borrowed
saročka 6.44 the shirt 1. clearly borrowed
saɣa 6.45 the collar 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤuːppa 6.46 the skirt 1. clearly borrowed
ɨstaːn 6.48 the trousers 1. clearly borrowed
bürüːke 6.48 the trousers 1. clearly borrowed
čulku, čukku 6.49 the sock or stocking 1. clearly borrowed
naskɨ 6.49 the sock or stocking 1. clearly borrowed
tüːppüle 6.51 the shoe 1. clearly borrowed
bačɨːnka 6.51 the shoe 1. clearly borrowed
sappɨkɨ 6.52 the boot 1. clearly borrowed
untuː 6.52 the boot 1. clearly borrowed
eterbes 6.52 the boot 5. no evidence for borrowing
sappɨkɨhɨt 6.54 the shoemaker 5. no evidence for borrowing
seleːppe 6.55 the hat or cap 1. clearly borrowed
bergehe 6.55 the hat or cap 5. no evidence for borrowing
kur 6.57 the belt 5. no evidence for borrowing
tarbaχ ütülük 6.58 the glove 5. no evidence for borrowing
siep 6.61 the pocket 1. clearly borrowed
timeχ 6.62 the button 5. no evidence for borrowing
bulaːpka 6.63 the pin 1. clearly borrowed
kiergel 6.71 the ornament or adornment 5. no evidence for borrowing
simeχ 6.71 the ornament or adornment 3. perhaps borrowed
kündü taːs 6.72 the jewel 5. no evidence for borrowing
kündü mal 6.72 the jewel 5. no evidence for borrowing
külüːske 6.73 the ring 1. clearly borrowed
bihileχ 6.73 the ring 5. no evidence for borrowing
böɣöχ 6.74 the bracelet 5. no evidence for borrowing
χoruoŋka 6.75 the necklace 1. clearly borrowed
oɣuruo, aɣɨrɨa 6.75 the necklace 4. very little evidence for borrowing
oɣuruo, aɣɨrɨa 6.76 the bead 4. very little evidence for borrowing
χoruoŋka 6.76 the bead 1. clearly borrowed
ɨtarɣa 6.77 the earring 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨlaːt 6.78 the headband or headdress 1. clearly borrowed
bastɨŋa 6.78 the headband or headdress 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨlaːt 6.81 the handkerchief or rag 1. clearly borrowed
sottor 6.82 the towel 5. no evidence for borrowing
taraːχ 6.91 the comb 5. no evidence for borrowing
suokka 6.92 the brush 1. clearly borrowed
suhuoχ, sɨhɨaχ 6.921 the plait/braid 3. perhaps borrowed
biriːppe 6.93 the razor 1. clearly borrowed
maːs 6.94 the ointment 1. clearly borrowed
oɣunuoχ, aɣɨnɨaχ 6.94 the ointment 5. no evidence for borrowing
mɨːla 6.95 the soap 1. clearly borrowed
sierkele 6.96 the mirror 1. clearly borrowed
χayɨhar 6.98 the snowshoe 5. no evidence for borrowing
olor 7.11 to live 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤie 7.12 the house 4. very little evidence for borrowing
üːteːn 7.13 the hut 1. clearly borrowed
balaːkka 7.14 the tent 1. clearly borrowed
olbuor 7.15 the yard or court 1. clearly borrowed
tiergen 7.15 the yard or court 2. probably borrowed
telgehe 7.15 the yard or court 2. probably borrowed
χospoχ 7.17 the cookhouse 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuluːp 7.18 the meeting house 1. clearly borrowed
sugulaːn 7.18 the meeting house 1. clearly borrowed
χos 7.21 the room 5. no evidence for borrowing
aːn 7.22 the door or gate 5. no evidence for borrowing
aːn sɨŋaːɣa 7.221 the doorpost 5. no evidence for borrowing
χoluoda 7.221 the doorpost 1. clearly borrowed
χataːhɨn 7.23 the lock 1. clearly borrowed
külüːs 7.23 the lock 1. clearly borrowed
χataːhɨn 7.231 the latch or door-bolt 1. clearly borrowed
külüːs 7.232 the padlock 1. clearly borrowed
külüːs tɨla 7.24 the key 5. no evidence for borrowing
tünnük 7.25 the window 5. no evidence for borrowing
muosta 7.26 the floor 1. clearly borrowed
istiene 7.27 the wall 1. clearly borrowed
erkin 7.27 the wall 5. no evidence for borrowing
ohoχ 7.31 the fireplace 5. no evidence for borrowing
kömülüök 7.31 the fireplace 1. clearly borrowed
ohoχ 7.32 the stove 5. no evidence for borrowing
turba 7.33 the chimney 1. clearly borrowed
üöles 7.33 the chimney 4. very little evidence for borrowing
kirilies 7.37 the ladder 1. clearly borrowed
oron 7.42 the bed 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨttɨk 7.421 the pillow 5. no evidence for borrowing
suorɣan 7.422 the blanket 5. no evidence for borrowing
oloppos 7.43 the chair 5. no evidence for borrowing
ustuːl 7.43 the chair 1. clearly borrowed
ostuol 7.44 the table 1. clearly borrowed
sandalɨ 7.44 the table 1. clearly borrowed
laːmpa 7.45 the lamp or torch 1. clearly borrowed
banaːr 7.45 the lamp or torch 1. clearly borrowed
čümeči 7.46 the candle 1. clearly borrowed
dolbuːr, dalbɨːr 7.47 the shelf 1. clearly borrowed
χoruːda 7.48 the trough 1. clearly borrowed
kɨrɨːsa 7.51 the roof 1. clearly borrowed
χoruobuya 7.51 the roof 1. clearly borrowed
sis 7.53 the ridgepole 5. no evidence for borrowing
χoruobuya ataɣa 7.54 the rafter 5. no evidence for borrowing
öhüö 7.55 the beam 5. no evidence for borrowing
ostuolba 7.56 the post or pole 1. clearly borrowed
baɣana 7.56 the post or pole 1. clearly borrowed
χaptahɨn 7.57 the board 1. clearly borrowed
kirpiːčče 7.62 the brick 1. clearly borrowed
ispieske 7.63 the mortar(2) 1. clearly borrowed
tühülge 7.65 the camp 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨːstaː 7.67 to tan 5. no evidence for borrowing
baːhɨnay 8.11 the farmer 1. clearly borrowed
baːhɨna 8.12 the field 1. clearly borrowed
oɣuruot 8.13 the garden 1. clearly borrowed
siri oŋor 8.15 to cultivate 5. no evidence for borrowing
kürüo 8.16 the fence 1. clearly borrowed
χanaːba 8.17 the ditch 1. clearly borrowed
χoruː 8.17 the ditch 5. no evidence for borrowing
χorut 8.21 to plough/plow 1. clearly borrowed
χorutuː 8.212 the furrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
χas (1) 8.22 to dig 5. no evidence for borrowing
kürʤeχ 8.23 the spade 5. no evidence for borrowing
kürʤeχ 8.24 the shovel 5. no evidence for borrowing
bahɨmɲɨ 8.25 the hoe 5. no evidence for borrowing
atɨrʤaχ 8.26 the fork(2)/pitchfork 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨraːbɨl 8.27 the rake 1. clearly borrowed
mamɨkta 8.29 the lasso 1. clearly borrowed
ɨs 8.31 to sow 5. no evidence for borrowing
sieme 8.311 the seed 1. clearly borrowed
oɣus (2) 8.32 to mow 5. no evidence for borrowing
χotuːr 8.33 the sickle or scythe 1. clearly borrowed
sɨs 8.34 to thresh 5. no evidence for borrowing
astaː 8.34 to thresh 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuːmna 8.35 the threshing-floor 1. clearly borrowed
üːnüː 8.41 the harvest 5. no evidence for borrowing
burduk 8.42 the grain 4. very little evidence for borrowing
seliehiney 8.43 the wheat 1. clearly borrowed
ʤehimien, nečimien (archaic) 8.44 the barley 1. clearly borrowed
oruos 8.45 the rye 1. clearly borrowed
ebies 8.46 the oats 1. clearly borrowed
kukuruza 8.47 the maize/corn 1. clearly borrowed
iriːs 8.48 the rice 1. clearly borrowed
ot 8.51 the grass 5. no evidence for borrowing
ot 8.52 the hay 5. no evidence for borrowing
üːneːyi 8.53 the plant 5. no evidence for borrowing
üːnner 8.531 to plant 5. no evidence for borrowing
silis 8.54 the root 5. no evidence for borrowing
törüt 8.54 the root 5. no evidence for borrowing
labaː 8.55 the branch 3. perhaps borrowed
mutuk 8.55 the branch 5. no evidence for borrowing
sebirdeχ 8.56 the leaf 5. no evidence for borrowing
sibekki 8.57 the flower 1. clearly borrowed
mas 8.6 the tree 2. probably borrowed
luːk 8.61 the oak 1. clearly borrowed
χatɨŋ 8.63 the birch 5. no evidence for borrowing
bes 8.64 the pine 4. very little evidence for borrowing
χarɨya 8.65 the fir 5. no evidence for borrowing
tabaχ 8.68 the tobacco 1. clearly borrowed
tabaχtaː 8.69 to smoke 5. no evidence for borrowing
tart 8.69 to smoke 5. no evidence for borrowing
χamsa, gaŋsa 8.691 the pipe 1. clearly borrowed
töŋürges 8.72 the tree stump 5. no evidence for borrowing
čöɣöčök 8.72 the tree stump 1. clearly borrowed
umnas 8.73 the tree trunk 5. no evidence for borrowing
mas 8.73 the tree trunk 2. probably borrowed
ačaːχ 8.74 the forked branch 2. probably borrowed
χatɨrɨk 8.75 the bark 5. no evidence for borrowing
sime 8.76 the sap 1. clearly borrowed
χatɨː ot 8.97 the nettle 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨtɨrɨːk ot 8.97 the nettle 5. no evidence for borrowing
telley 8.98 the mushroom 5. no evidence for borrowing
kunaːχ 8.98 the mushroom 4. very little evidence for borrowing
tiːt 8.991 the larch 2. probably borrowed
mutukča, mučukta 8.993 the needle(2) 2. probably borrowed
tuoraːχ 8.996 the cone 5. no evidence for borrowing
gɨn 9.11 to do 5. no evidence for borrowing
oŋor 9.111 to make 5. no evidence for borrowing
üle 9.12 the work 1. clearly borrowed
tokurut 9.14 to bend 1. clearly borrowed
ieχ 9.14 to bend 5. no evidence for borrowing
bük tut 9.15 to fold 5. no evidence for borrowing
baːy (1) 9.16 to tie 5. no evidence for borrowing
kelgiy 9.16 to tie 1. clearly borrowed
süör 9.161 to untie 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨap 9.18 the chain 1. clearly borrowed
bɨa 9.19 the rope 5. no evidence for borrowing
tümük 9.192 the knot 5. no evidence for borrowing
oɣus (2) 9.21 to strike or hit or beat 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨrbaː 9.21 to strike or hit or beat 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨs 9.21 to strike or hit or beat 5. no evidence for borrowing
suturɣaː 9.211 to pound 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨs 9.22 to cut 5. no evidence for borrowing
kert 9.221 to cut down 5. no evidence for borrowing
χayɨt 9.222 to chop 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨhaɣɨnan as 9.223 to stab 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨhaχ 9.23 the knife(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨptɨy 9.24 the scissors or shears 5. no evidence for borrowing
süge 9.25 the axe/ax 1. clearly borrowed
alʤat 9.26 to break 5. no evidence for borrowing
ültürüt 9.26 to break 1. clearly borrowed
alʤammɨt 9.261 broken 5. no evidence for borrowing
ültürüybüt 9.261 broken 5. no evidence for borrowing
χayɨt 9.27 to split 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaya tart 9.28 to tear 5. no evidence for borrowing
tiriːtin sül 9.29 to skin 5. no evidence for borrowing
aːl (1) 9.31 to rub 5. no evidence for borrowing
sot 9.311 to wipe 5. no evidence for borrowing
uːnnar 9.32 to stretch 5. no evidence for borrowing
tenit 9.32 to stretch 1. clearly borrowed
tart 9.33 to pull 5. no evidence for borrowing
telget 9.34 to spread out 1. clearly borrowed
ɨyaː 9.341 to hang up 4. very little evidence for borrowing
battaː 9.342 to press 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨk 9.343 to squeeze 5. no evidence for borrowing
kut (1) 9.35 to pour 5. no evidence for borrowing
suːy 9.36 to wash 5. no evidence for borrowing
χarbaː (2) 9.37 to sweep 1. clearly borrowed
miːnɲik 9.38 the broom 1. clearly borrowed
sep 9.422 the tool 2. probably borrowed
mas uːha 9.43 the carpenter 5. no evidence for borrowing
tut 9.44 to build 5. no evidence for borrowing
üːtteː 9.46 to bore 5. no evidence for borrowing
χas (1) 9.461 to hollow out 5. no evidence for borrowing
erbiː 9.48 the saw 5. no evidence for borrowing
ötüye 9.49 the hammer 4. very little evidence for borrowing
balta 9.49 the hammer 5. no evidence for borrowing
tohoɣo 9.5 the nail 3. perhaps borrowed
silim 9.56 the glue 5. no evidence for borrowing
timir uːha 9.6 the blacksmith 5. no evidence for borrowing
taptay 9.61 to forge 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨstɨk 9.62 the anvil 5. no evidence for borrowing
kut (1) 9.63 to cast 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨhɨl kömüs 9.64 the gold 5. no evidence for borrowing
ürüŋ kömüs 9.65 the silver 5. no evidence for borrowing
altan 9.66 the copper 5. no evidence for borrowing
timir (1) 9.67 the iron 5. no evidence for borrowing
sibinɲeːs 9.68 the lead 1. clearly borrowed
ɲaːlbaːn 9.69 the tin or tinplate 5. no evidence for borrowing
küösčüt 9.71 the potter 5. no evidence for borrowing
oŋor 9.72 to mould/mold 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuoy 9.73 the clay 5. no evidence for borrowing
östüöküle 9.74 the glass 1. clearly borrowed
tünnük ta:ha 9.74 the glass 5. no evidence for borrowing
ör (1) 9.75 to weave or plait/braid 5. no evidence for borrowing
korzina 9.76 the basket 1. clearly borrowed
tɨmtay 9.76 the basket 4. very little evidence for borrowing
kumalaːn 9.771 the rug 1. clearly borrowed
sörüːketer 9.79 the fan 5. no evidence for borrowing
sapsɨn 9.791 to fan 1. clearly borrowed
bɨs 9.81 to carve 5. no evidence for borrowing
čüːččü 9.84 the chisel 1. clearly borrowed
kɨraːska 9.88 the paint 1. clearly borrowed
butuk 9.88 the paint 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨraːskalaː 9.89 to paint 5. no evidence for borrowing
butuy 9.89 to paint 5. no evidence for borrowing
bas (2) 9.9 to draw water 5. no evidence for borrowing
tohoɣo 9.91 the peg 3. perhaps borrowed
buruːs 9.93 the whetstone 1. clearly borrowed
χamsaː 10.11 to move 5. no evidence for borrowing
ergit 10.12 to turn 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaỹɨs 10.12 to turn 5. no evidence for borrowing
ergiy 10.13 to turn around 1. clearly borrowed
suːlaː 10.14 to wrap 5. no evidence for borrowing
tökünüt 10.15 to roll 3. perhaps borrowed
tüher 10.16 to drop 5. no evidence for borrowing
eriy 10.17 to twist 1. clearly borrowed
taɣɨs 10.21 to rise 5. no evidence for borrowing
tur 10.21 to rise 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨtɨn 10.21 to rise 5. no evidence for borrowing
kötöχ 10.22 to raise or lift 5. no evidence for borrowing
oɣun 10.23 to fall 5. no evidence for borrowing
tüs 10.23 to fall 5. no evidence for borrowing
tammalaː 10.24 to drip 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨraχ 10.25 to throw 5. no evidence for borrowing
tamnaː 10.25 to throw 5. no evidence for borrowing
χap 10.252 to catch 5. no evidence for borrowing
saχsɨy 10.26 to shake 2. probably borrowed
uhun (1) 10.32 to flow 5. no evidence for borrowing
timir (2) 10.33 to sink 3. perhaps borrowed
uhun (1) 10.34 to float 5. no evidence for borrowing
χarbaː (1) 10.35 to swim 5. no evidence for borrowing
uhun (1) 10.35 to swim 5. no evidence for borrowing
umus 10.351 to dive 4. very little evidence for borrowing
ɨhɨaχtas 10.352 to splash 5. no evidence for borrowing
čalɨmnaː 10.352 to splash 5. no evidence for borrowing
köt 10.37 to fly 5. no evidence for borrowing
ür (1) 10.38 to blow 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨːl 10.41 to crawl 5. no evidence for borrowing
tobuktan 10.412 to kneel 5. no evidence for borrowing
čoχčoy 10.413 to crouch 1. clearly borrowed
χaltarɨy 10.42 to slide or slip 1. clearly borrowed
ɨstan 10.43 to jump 4. very little evidence for borrowing
oy 10.43 to jump 5. no evidence for borrowing
tep 10.431 to kick 5. no evidence for borrowing
üŋküːleː 10.44 to dance 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaːmp 10.45 to walk 5. no evidence for borrowing
doɣoloŋnoː 10.451 to limp 5. no evidence for borrowing
süːr 10.46 to run 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨrɨt 10.47 to go 5. no evidence for borrowing
taɣɨs 10.471 to go up 5. no evidence for borrowing
dabay 10.471 to go up 1. clearly borrowed
ɨtɨn 10.472 to climb 5. no evidence for borrowing
tüs 10.473 to go down 5. no evidence for borrowing
taɣɨs 10.474 to go out 5. no evidence for borrowing
kel 10.48 to come 5. no evidence for borrowing
tönün 10.481 to come back 5. no evidence for borrowing
bar 10.49 to leave 5. no evidence for borrowing
süt 10.491 to disappear 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuot 10.51 to flee 5. no evidence for borrowing
batɨs 10.52 to follow 5. no evidence for borrowing
soyuolaː, sayɨalaː 10.53 to pursue 5. no evidence for borrowing
kel 10.55 to arrive 5. no evidence for borrowing
čugahaː 10.56 to approach 5. no evidence for borrowing
kiːr 10.57 to enter 5. no evidence for borrowing
tönün 10.58 to go or return home 5. no evidence for borrowing
ilt 10.61 to carry 5. no evidence for borrowing
ilt 10.612 to carry in hand 5. no evidence for borrowing
sük 10.613 to carry on shoulder 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨbɨn 10.615 to carry under the arm 5. no evidence for borrowing
aɣal 10.62 to bring 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨːt 10.63 to send 5. no evidence for borrowing
siet 10.64 to lead 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨːt 10.65 to drive 5. no evidence for borrowing
miːn (2) 10.66 to ride 5. no evidence for borrowing
as (3) 10.67 to push 5. no evidence for borrowing
suol 10.71 the road 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨllɨk 10.72 the path 5. no evidence for borrowing
muosta 10.74 the bridge 1. clearly borrowed
kürbe, kürge 10.74 the bridge 5. no evidence for borrowing
teliege 10.75 the cart or wagon 1. clearly borrowed
kölüöhe 10.76 the wheel 1. clearly borrowed
kiːn 10.77 the axle 5. no evidence for borrowing
sis 10.77 the axle 5. no evidence for borrowing
uos (2) 10.77 the axle 1. clearly borrowed
burɣalʤɨ 10.78 the yoke 1. clearly borrowed
sɨarɣa 10.79 the sledge/sled 1. clearly borrowed
χaraːbɨl 10.81 the ship 1. clearly borrowed
borokuot 10.81 the ship 1. clearly borrowed
tɨː 10.83 the boat 2. probably borrowed
ti (Ket )
oŋočo 10.83 the boat 1. clearly borrowed
aːl (2) 10.84 the raft 5. no evidence for borrowing
erdiː 10.85 the oar 5. no evidence for borrowing
ert 10.852 to row 5. no evidence for borrowing
uruːl 10.86 the rudder 1. clearly borrowed
mačta 10.87 the mast 1. clearly borrowed
baːrɨs 10.88 the sail 1. clearly borrowed
ʤaːkɨr 10.89 the anchor 1. clearly borrowed
port 10.91 the port 1. clearly borrowed
tigis 10.92 to land 3. perhaps borrowed
tüs 10.92 to land 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨl 11.13 to take 5. no evidence for borrowing
tut 11.14 to grasp 5. no evidence for borrowing
tut 11.15 to hold 5. no evidence for borrowing
tut 11.16 to get 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaːllar 11.17 to keep 5. no evidence for borrowing
mal 11.18 the thing 1. clearly borrowed
< maːl (Persian , uncertain)
< maːl (Arabic , uncertain)
bier 11.21 to give 5. no evidence for borrowing
tönnör 11.22 to give back 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaray 11.24 to preserve 3. perhaps borrowed
χarɨstaː 11.24 to preserve 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨːhaː 11.25 to rescue 5. no evidence for borrowing
örühüy 11.25 to rescue 1. clearly borrowed
abɨraː 11.25 to rescue 1. clearly borrowed
alʤat 11.27 to destroy 5. no evidence for borrowing
alʤat 11.28 to injure 5. no evidence for borrowing
alʤan 11.29 to damage 1. clearly borrowed
kördöː 11.31 to look for 4. very little evidence for borrowing
bul 11.32 to find 5. no evidence for borrowing
süter 11.33 to lose 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨːt 11.34 to let go 5. no evidence for borrowing
χarčɨ 11.43 the money 3. perhaps borrowed
manɨat 11.44 the coin 1. clearly borrowed
baːy (2) 11.51 rich 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤadaŋɨ (1) 11.52 poor 1. clearly borrowed
umnahɨt 11.53 the beggar 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤadaŋɨ (2) 11.53 the beggar 5. no evidence for borrowing
kumalan 11.53 the beggar 3. perhaps borrowed
keččegey 11.54 stingy 1. clearly borrowed
ieheː 11.61 to lend 5. no evidence for borrowing
ularɨs 11.61 to lend 5. no evidence for borrowing
ies ɨl 11.62 to borrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
ularɨs 11.62 to borrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
iesteːχ 11.63 to owe 5. no evidence for borrowing
ies 11.64 the debt 5. no evidence for borrowing
tölöː 11.65 to pay 1. clearly borrowed
suot 11.66 the bill 1. clearly borrowed
noluok 11.69 the tax 1. clearly borrowed
naymɨlaː 11.77 to hire 5. no evidence for borrowing
χamnas 11.78 the wages 5. no evidence for borrowing
ölör 11.79 to earn 5. no evidence for borrowing
atɨːlas 11.81 to buy 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨl 11.81 to buy 5. no evidence for borrowing
atɨːlaː 11.82 to sell 5. no evidence for borrowing
atastas 11.83 to trade or barter 5. no evidence for borrowing
atɨːhɨt 11.84 the merchant 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨrɨːnak 11.85 the market 1. clearly borrowed
maɣahɨːn 11.86 the shop/store 1. clearly borrowed
laːppɨ 11.86 the shop/store 1. clearly borrowed
sɨana 11.87 the price 1. clearly borrowed
ɨaraχan 11.88 expensive 5. no evidence for borrowing
čepčeki 11.89 cheap 2. probably borrowed
beris 11.91 to share 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨyaː 11.92 to weigh 4. very little evidence for borrowing
kennitten 12.01 after 5. no evidence for borrowing
kenniger 12.011 behind 5. no evidence for borrowing
tahɨgar 12.02 beside 5. no evidence for borrowing
attɨgar 12.02 beside 5. no evidence for borrowing
allaraː 12.03 down 5. no evidence for borrowing
innine 12.04 before 5. no evidence for borrowing
inniger 12.041 in front of 5. no evidence for borrowing
ihiger 12.05 inside 5. no evidence for borrowing
tahɨrʤa 12.06 outside 5. no evidence for borrowing
annɨgar 12.07 under 5. no evidence for borrowing
üöhe 12.08 up 5. no evidence for borrowing
ürdünen 12.081 above 5. no evidence for borrowing
sir 12.11 the place 5. no evidence for borrowing
uːr 12.12 to put 5. no evidence for borrowing
olor 12.13 to sit 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨt 12.14 to lie down 5. no evidence for borrowing
tur 12.15 to stand 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaːl 12.16 to remain 5. no evidence for borrowing
toboχ 12.17 the remains 1. clearly borrowed
χomuy 12.21 to gather 1. clearly borrowed
mus 12.21 to gather 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨl 12.212 to pick up 5. no evidence for borrowing
čömöχtöː 12.213 to pile up 5. no evidence for borrowing
χolboː 12.22 to join 1. clearly borrowed
araːr 12.23 to separate 5. no evidence for borrowing
üller 12.232 to divide 5. no evidence for borrowing
as 12.24 to open 5. no evidence for borrowing
arɨy 12.24 to open 5. no evidence for borrowing
sap (2) 12.25 to shut 5. no evidence for borrowing
sap (2) 12.26 to cover 5. no evidence for borrowing
bürüy 12.26 to cover 5. no evidence for borrowing
kisteː 12.27 to hide 5. no evidence for borrowing
ürdük 12.31 high 5. no evidence for borrowing
namɨhaχ 12.32 low 5. no evidence for borrowing
töbö 12.33 the top 5. no evidence for borrowing
oroy 12.33 the top 1. clearly borrowed
ürüt 12.33 the top 5. no evidence for borrowing
tügeχ 12.34 the bottom 5. no evidence for borrowing
alɨn 12.34 the bottom 5. no evidence for borrowing
uhuk 12.35 the end(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
uhuktaːχ 12.352 pointed 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨtɨː 12.353 the edge 5. no evidence for borrowing
örüt 12.36 the side 5. no evidence for borrowing
orto 12.37 the middle 5. no evidence for borrowing
kiːn 12.37 the middle 5. no evidence for borrowing
uŋa 12.41 right(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaŋas, saŋas (archaic variant; Pekarskij 1959 [1907-1930]: 2086) 12.42 left 3. perhaps borrowed
čugas 12.43 near 4. very little evidence for borrowing
ɨraːχ 12.44 far 5. no evidence for borrowing
ilin 12.45 the east 5. no evidence for borrowing
arɣaː 12.46 the west 5. no evidence for borrowing
χotu 12.47 the north 5. no evidence for borrowing
soɣuruː 12.48 the south 5. no evidence for borrowing
üːn 12.53 to grow 5. no evidence for borrowing
kemneː 12.54 to measure 5. no evidence for borrowing
ulaχan 12.55 big 5. no evidence for borrowing
bödöŋ 12.55 big 1. clearly borrowed
kɨra 12.56 small 3. perhaps borrowed
kɨččɨgɨy 12.56 small 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨčɨkaːn 12.56 small 1. clearly borrowed
uhun (2) 12.57 long 5. no evidence for borrowing
ürdük 12.58 tall 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨlgas 12.59 short 5. no evidence for borrowing
kieŋ 12.61 wide 5. no evidence for borrowing
ketit 12.61 wide 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨaraɣas 12.62 narrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
sinɲiges 12.62 narrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
χalɨŋ 12.63 thick 5. no evidence for borrowing
čaraːs 12.65 thin 3. perhaps borrowed
diriŋ 12.67 deep 5. no evidence for borrowing
čɨčaːs 12.68 shallow 3. perhaps borrowed
χaptaɣay 12.71 flat 1. clearly borrowed
könö 12.73 straight 5. no evidence for borrowing
tokur 12.74 crooked 5. no evidence for borrowing
köχö 12.75 the hook 1. clearly borrowed
munnuk 12.76 the corner 5. no evidence for borrowing
kiries 12.77 the cross 1. clearly borrowed
tüört munnuk 12.78 the square 5. no evidence for borrowing
tögürük (1) 12.81 round 1. clearly borrowed
tögürük (2) 12.82 the circle 5. no evidence for borrowing
suraːhɨn 12.84 the line 5. no evidence for borrowing
χayaɣas 12.85 the hole 5. no evidence for borrowing
üːt (2) 12.85 the hole 5. no evidence for borrowing
teheɣes 12.85 the hole 5. no evidence for borrowing
maːrɨnnaː 12.92 similar 5. no evidence for borrowing
ularɨy 12.93 to change 1. clearly borrowed
ularɨt 12.93 to change 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɲuːl 13 zero 1. clearly borrowed
biːr 13.01 one 5. no evidence for borrowing
ikki 13.02 two 5. no evidence for borrowing
üs 13.03 three 5. no evidence for borrowing
tüört 13.04 four 5. no evidence for borrowing
bies 13.05 five 5. no evidence for borrowing
alta 13.06 six 5. no evidence for borrowing
sette 13.07 seven 5. no evidence for borrowing
aɣɨs 13.08 eight 5. no evidence for borrowing
toɣus 13.09 nine 5. no evidence for borrowing
uon 13.1 ten 5. no evidence for borrowing
uon biːr 13.101 eleven 5. no evidence for borrowing
uon ikki 13.102 twelve 5. no evidence for borrowing
uon bies 13.103 fifteen 5. no evidence for borrowing
süːrbe 13.104 twenty 5. no evidence for borrowing
süːs (2) 13.105 a hundred 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨhɨːnča 13.106 a thousand 1. clearly borrowed
aːχ 13.107 to count 5. no evidence for borrowing
suottaː 13.107 to count 5. no evidence for borrowing
barɨ 13.14 all 5. no evidence for borrowing
elbeχ 13.15 many 1. clearly borrowed
ügüs 13.15 many 5. no evidence for borrowing
aɣɨyaχ 13.17 few 5. no evidence for borrowing
söp 13.18 enough 1. clearly borrowed
soroχ 13.181 some 4. very little evidence for borrowing
χas daγanï 13.181 some 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤon 13.19 the crowd 1. clearly borrowed
toloru 13.21 full 5. no evidence for borrowing
iččiteχ 13.22 empty 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuraːnaχ 13.22 empty 5. no evidence for borrowing
ireːt 13.23 the part 1. clearly borrowed
čaːs (1) 13.23 the part 1. clearly borrowed
kɨrbas 13.231 the piece 5. no evidence for borrowing
toːroχoy 13.231 the piece 5. no evidence for borrowing
aŋar 13.24 the half 5. no evidence for borrowing
soɣotoχ 13.33 only 5. no evidence for borrowing
soɣotoχ 13.331 alone 5. no evidence for borrowing
maŋnaygɨ 13.34 first 5. no evidence for borrowing
bastakɨ 13.34 first 5. no evidence for borrowing
bütehik 13.35 last 5. no evidence for borrowing
tiheχ 13.35 last 5. no evidence for borrowing
ikkis 13.36 second 5. no evidence for borrowing
paːra 13.37 the pair 1. clearly borrowed
ikki tögül 13.38 twice/two times 5. no evidence for borrowing
ikkite 13.38 twice/two times 5. no evidence for borrowing
ühüs 13.42 third 5. no evidence for borrowing
üs tögül 13.44 three times 5. no evidence for borrowing
üste 13.44 three times 5. no evidence for borrowing
birieme 14.11 the time 1. clearly borrowed
kem 14.11 the time 1. clearly borrowed
saːs 14.12 the age 5. no evidence for borrowing
saŋa (1) 14.13 new 5. no evidence for borrowing
eder 14.14 young 1. clearly borrowed
erge 14.15 old 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨrʤaɣas 14.15 old 5. no evidence for borrowing
erde 14.16 early 5. no evidence for borrowing
χoyut 14.17 late 1. clearly borrowed
biligin 14.18 now 5. no evidence for borrowing
sibiligin 14.19 immediately 5. no evidence for borrowing
türgennik 14.21 fast 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨtaːnnɨk 14.22 slow 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨksaː 14.23 to hurry 5. no evidence for borrowing
tietey 14.23 to hurry 2. probably borrowed
χoyutaː 14.24 to be late 5. no evidence for borrowing
saɣalaː 14.25 to begin 5. no evidence for borrowing
saɣalanɨː 14.251 the beginning 5. no evidence for borrowing
bütehik 14.26 the end(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
bütüː 14.26 the end(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
büter 14.27 to finish 5. no evidence for borrowing
toχtoː 14.28 to cease 4. very little evidence for borrowing
toχtot 14.28 to cease 5. no evidence for borrowing
belem 14.29 ready 1. clearly borrowed
naːr 14.31 always 2. probably borrowed
kuruːk 14.31 always 1. clearly borrowed
melʤi 14.31 always 2. probably borrowed
melʤi 14.32 often 2. probably borrowed
naːr 14.32 often 2. probably borrowed
kuruːk 14.32 often 1. clearly borrowed
ardɨgar 14.33 sometimes 5. no evidence for borrowing
sotoru 14.331 soon 4. very little evidence for borrowing
ör (2) 14.332 for a long time 5. no evidence for borrowing
χahan da 14.34 never 5. no evidence for borrowing
emie 14.35 again 4. very little evidence for borrowing
kün 14.41 the day(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
χonuk 14.411 the day(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
tüːn 14.42 the night 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨŋ 14.43 the dawn 5. no evidence for borrowing
sarsɨarda 14.44 the morning 5. no evidence for borrowing
kün ortoto 14.45 the midday 5. no evidence for borrowing
ebiet kennitten 14.451 the afternoon 5. no evidence for borrowing
kiehe 14.46 the evening 5. no evidence for borrowing
bügün 14.47 today 5. no evidence for borrowing
sarsɨn 14.48 tomorrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
öyüːn 14.481 the day after tomorrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
beɣehe 14.49 yesterday 5. no evidence for borrowing
illereː kün 14.491 the day before yesterday 5. no evidence for borrowing
čaːs (2) 14.51 the hour 1. clearly borrowed
čahɨ 14.53 the clock 1. clearly borrowed
nediele 14.61 the week 1. clearly borrowed
öröbül 14.62 Sunday 5. no evidence for borrowing
benidienɲik 14.63 Monday 1. clearly borrowed
optuorunɲuk 14.64 Tuesday 1. clearly borrowed
serede 14.65 Wednesday 1. clearly borrowed
čeppier 14.66 Thursday 1. clearly borrowed
beːtinse 14.67 Friday 1. clearly borrowed
subuota 14.68 Saturday 1. clearly borrowed
ɨy 14.71 the month 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨl 14.73 the year 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤɨl 14.73 the year 1. clearly borrowed
< yɨl (Turkic )
kɨhɨn 14.74 the winter 5. no evidence for borrowing
saːs 14.75 the spring(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
sayɨn 14.76 the summer 5. no evidence for borrowing
kühün 14.77 the autumn/fall 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤɨl 14.78 the season 1. clearly borrowed
< yɨl (Turkic )
aŋɨlɨy 15.21 to smell(1) 1. clearly borrowed
sɨttan 15.21 to smell(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨtɨrɣaː 15.212 to sniff 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨtɨ bil 15.22 to smell(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
üčügey sɨttaːχ 15.25 fragrant 5. no evidence for borrowing
minɲiges sɨttaːχ 15.25 fragrant 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨtɨgan 15.26 stinking 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuhaɣan sɨttaːχ 15.26 stinking 5. no evidence for borrowing
minɲiges 15.35 sweet 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuːstaːχ 15.36 salty 5. no evidence for borrowing
ahɨː 15.37 bitter 5. no evidence for borrowing
ahɨː 15.38 sour 5. no evidence for borrowing
ahɨŋas 15.39 brackish 5. no evidence for borrowing
ihit 15.41 to hear 5. no evidence for borrowing
ihit 15.42 to listen 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨas 15.44 the sound or noise 5. no evidence for borrowing
ulaχan 15.45 loud 5. no evidence for borrowing
čuːmpu 15.46 quiet 3. perhaps borrowed
kör 15.51 to see 5. no evidence for borrowing
kör 15.52 to look 5. no evidence for borrowing
kördör 15.55 to show 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨrdat 15.56 to shine 5. no evidence for borrowing
čaɣɨlχay 15.57 bright 5. no evidence for borrowing
öŋ 15.61 the colour/color 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨrdɨk (2) 15.62 light(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaraŋa (2) 15.63 dark 5. no evidence for borrowing
maɣan 15.64 white 3. perhaps borrowed
ürüŋ 15.64 white 5. no evidence for borrowing
χara 15.65 black 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨhɨl 15.66 red 5. no evidence for borrowing
χallaːn küöχ 15.67 blue 5. no evidence for borrowing
ot küöχ 15.68 green 5. no evidence for borrowing
saharχay 15.69 yellow 5. no evidence for borrowing
araɣas 15.69 yellow 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨːt 15.71 to touch 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨmaːχtaː 15.712 to pinch 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨmɨstaː 15.712 to pinch 5. no evidence for borrowing
bil 15.72 to feel 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨtaːnaχ 15.74 hard 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨmnaɣas 15.75 soft 5. no evidence for borrowing
χatɨːlaːχ 15.76 rough(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
deχsi 15.77 smooth 1. clearly borrowed
könö 15.77 smooth 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨtɨː 15.78 sharp 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨppaχ 15.79 blunt 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨaraχan 15.81 heavy 5. no evidence for borrowing
čepčeki 15.82 light(1) 2. probably borrowed
ɨnčaɣay, inčegey 15.83 wet 3. perhaps borrowed
sɨtɨybɨt 15.83 wet 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuraːnaχ 15.84 dry 5. no evidence for borrowing
itiː 15.85 hot 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuyaːs 15.85 hot 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨlaːs 15.851 warm 5. no evidence for borrowing
ičiges 15.851 warm 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨmnɨː 15.86 cold 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨraːs 15.87 clean 5. no evidence for borrowing
kirdeːχ 15.88 dirty 5. no evidence for borrowing
kumalammɨt 15.89 wrinkled 5. no evidence for borrowing
mɨrčɨstaɣas 15.89 wrinkled 5. no evidence for borrowing
kut (2) 16.11 the soul or spirit 5. no evidence for borrowing
sür 16.11 the soul or spirit 3. perhaps borrowed
sohuybut 16.15 surprised or astonished 1. clearly borrowed
sorgu 16.18 the good luck 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤol 16.18 the good luck 1. clearly borrowed
sor 16.19 the bad luck 3. perhaps borrowed
ʤolloːχ 16.23 happy 5. no evidence for borrowing
üörbüt 16.23 happy 5. no evidence for borrowing
kül (2) 16.25 to laugh 5. no evidence for borrowing
mičeːrde 16.251 to smile 5. no evidence for borrowing
oːnɲoː 16.26 to play 5. no evidence for borrowing
taptaː 16.27 to love 5. no evidence for borrowing
uːraː 16.29 to kiss 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨllaː 16.29 to kiss 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuːs 16.3 to embrace 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨarɨː 16.31 the pain 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤarɣa 16.31 the pain 2. probably borrowed
sanaː (2) 16.32 the grief 1. clearly borrowed
sanaːrɣaːhɨn 16.32 the grief 5. no evidence for borrowing
türülüön 16.33 the anxiety 5. no evidence for borrowing
süpsülgen 16.33 the anxiety 5. no evidence for borrowing
kemsin 16.34 to regret or be sorry 1. clearly borrowed
ahɨy 16.34 to regret or be sorry 5. no evidence for borrowing
ahɨnɨː 16.35 the pity 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨtaː 16.37 to cry 5. no evidence for borrowing
soŋoː 16.37 to cry 1. clearly borrowed
χaraχ uːta 16.38 the tear 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨnčɨktaː 16.39 to groan 5. no evidence for borrowing
abaːhɨ kör 16.41 to hate 5. no evidence for borrowing
uor (1) 16.42 the anger 1. clearly borrowed
künüː 16.44 the envy or jealousy 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨmsɨːrɨː 16.44 the envy or jealousy 5. no evidence for borrowing
saːt 16.45 the shame 5. no evidence for borrowing
kien tut 16.48 proud 5. no evidence for borrowing
er ɨl 16.51 to dare 5. no evidence for borrowing
erdiy 16.51 to dare 5. no evidence for borrowing
χorsun 16.52 brave 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuttal 16.53 the fear 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuttal 16.54 the danger 5. no evidence for borrowing
baɣar 16.62 to want 4. very little evidence for borrowing
tal 16.622 to choose 5. no evidence for borrowing
eren 16.63 to hope 2. probably borrowed
erelleːχ 16.65 faithful 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤiŋneːχ 16.66 true 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨmɨyalaː 16.67 to lie(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨmɨya 16.68 the deceit 4. very little evidence for borrowing
bɨrastɨː gɨn 16.69 to forgive 1. clearly borrowed
üčügey 16.71 good 5. no evidence for borrowing
ütüö 16.71 good 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuhaɣan 16.72 bad 4. very little evidence for borrowing
ʤaːbɨ 16.72 bad 3. perhaps borrowed
söptöːχ 16.73 right(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨːha (1) 16.74 wrong 5. no evidence for borrowing
buruy 16.76 the fault 1. clearly borrowed
sɨːha (2) 16.77 the mistake 5. no evidence for borrowing
seme 16.78 the blame 5. no evidence for borrowing
χayɣal 16.79 the praise 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨrahɨabay 16.81 beautiful 1. clearly borrowed
kere 16.81 beautiful 2. probably borrowed
büre 16.82 ugly 2. probably borrowed
keččegey 16.83 greedy 1. clearly borrowed
iŋseleːχ 16.83 greedy 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨmsɨː 16.83 greedy 4. very little evidence for borrowing
öydöːχ 16.84 clever 5. no evidence for borrowing
öy 17.11 the mind 5. no evidence for borrowing
sanaː (1) 17.13 to think(1) 3. perhaps borrowed
tolkuydaː 17.13 to think(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
iteɣey 17.15 to believe 1. clearly borrowed
öydöː (1) 17.16 to understand 5. no evidence for borrowing
bil 17.17 to know 5. no evidence for borrowing
taːy (2) 17.171 to guess 1. clearly borrowed
ütügün 17.172 to imitate 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨhɨːlaːχ 17.18 to seem 5. no evidence for borrowing
sanaː (2) 17.19 the idea 1. clearly borrowed
öydöːχ 17.21 wise 5. no evidence for borrowing
muːdaray 17.21 wise 1. clearly borrowed
akaːrɨ 17.22 stupid 4. very little evidence for borrowing
iːreːki 17.23 mad 5. no evidence for borrowing
üören 17.24 to learn 5. no evidence for borrowing
üören 17.242 to study 5. no evidence for borrowing
üöret 17.25 to teach 5. no evidence for borrowing
üöreneːčči 17.26 the pupil 5. no evidence for borrowing
učuːtal 17.27 the teacher 1. clearly borrowed
üöreteːčči 17.27 the teacher 5. no evidence for borrowing
oskuola 17.28 the school 1. clearly borrowed
öydöː (2) 17.31 to remember 5. no evidence for borrowing
umun 17.32 to forget 5. no evidence for borrowing
ʤeŋke 17.34 clear 3. perhaps borrowed
čuolkay 17.34 clear 1. clearly borrowed
munaːχ 17.35 obscure 5. no evidence for borrowing
kisteleŋ 17.36 secret 5. no evidence for borrowing
saːrbaɣa suoχ 17.37 certain 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨhaːr 17.38 to explain 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨal 17.41 the intention 1. clearly borrowed
soruk 17.41 the intention 3. perhaps borrowed
törüöt 17.42 the cause 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨltaχ 17.42 the cause 1. clearly borrowed
munaːχsɨyɨː 17.43 the doubt 5. no evidence for borrowing
saːrbaχ 17.43 the doubt 1. clearly borrowed
uorbalaː 17.44 to suspect 5. no evidence for borrowing
kütüreː 17.44 to suspect 5. no evidence for borrowing
taŋnar 17.441 to betray 2. probably borrowed
kɨhalɣa 17.45 the need or necessity 5. no evidence for borrowing
čepčeki 17.46 easy 2. probably borrowed
ɨaraχan 17.47 difficult 5. no evidence for borrowing
-A sataː 17.48 to try 1. clearly borrowed
ɲɨma 17.49 the manner 1. clearly borrowed
uonna 17.51 and 5. no evidence for borrowing
buollar 17.53 if 5. no evidence for borrowing
duː... duː 17.54 or 5. no evidence for borrowing
ebeter 17.54 or 5. no evidence for borrowing
suoχ 17.56 no 5. no evidence for borrowing
χaydaχ 17.61 how? 5. no evidence for borrowing
χas (2) 17.62 how many? 5. no evidence for borrowing
töhö 17.62 how many? 3. perhaps borrowed
töhö 17.63 how much? 3. perhaps borrowed
χas (2) 17.63 how much? 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuoχ 17.64 what? 5. no evidence for borrowing
χahan 17.65 when? 5. no evidence for borrowing
χanna 17.66 where? 5. no evidence for borrowing
χannɨk 17.67 which? 5. no evidence for borrowing
kim 17.68 who? 5. no evidence for borrowing
toɣo 17.69 why? 5. no evidence for borrowing
saŋa (2) 18.11 the voice 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨllaː 18.12 to sing 5. no evidence for borrowing
χahɨːtaː 18.13 to shout 5. no evidence for borrowing
sibiginey 18.15 to whisper 1. clearly borrowed
botuguraː 18.16 to mumble 5. no evidence for borrowing
ihiːr, ühüːr 18.17 to whistle 5. no evidence for borrowing
časkɨy 18.18 to shriek 3. perhaps borrowed
uluy 18.19 to howl 5. no evidence for borrowing
saŋar 18.21 to speak or talk 5. no evidence for borrowing
kepset 18.21 to speak or talk 5. no evidence for borrowing
keleɣeydeː 18.211 to stutter or stammer 5. no evidence for borrowing
tardɨalat 18.211 to stutter or stammer 5. no evidence for borrowing
et (2) 18.22 to say 5. no evidence for borrowing
die 18.22 to say 5. no evidence for borrowing
kepseː 18.221 to tell 5. no evidence for borrowing
sehergeː 18.221 to tell 3. perhaps borrowed
tɨl et 18.222 the speech 5. no evidence for borrowing
čuːmpur 18.23 to be silent 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨl 18.24 the language 5. no evidence for borrowing
tɨl 18.26 the word 5. no evidence for borrowing
aːt (1) 18.28 the name 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨyɨt 18.31 to ask(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
eppietteː 18.32 to answer 5. no evidence for borrowing
χoruydaː 18.32 to answer 5. no evidence for borrowing
bilin 18.33 to admit 5. no evidence for borrowing
melʤes 18.34 to deny 1. clearly borrowed
kördöː 18.35 to ask(2) 4. very little evidence for borrowing
tɨl bier 18.36 to promise 5. no evidence for borrowing
akkaːstaː 18.37 to refuse 5. no evidence for borrowing
bop 18.38 to forbid 5. no evidence for borrowing
buoy 18.38 to forbid 5. no evidence for borrowing
möχ 18.39 to scold 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨŋɨr 18.41 to call(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
aːttaː 18.42 to call(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
biller 18.43 to announce 5. no evidence for borrowing
saːn 18.44 to threaten 5. no evidence for borrowing
kihirgeː 18.45 to boast 5. no evidence for borrowing
suruy 18.51 to write 1. clearly borrowed
aːχ 18.52 to read 5. no evidence for borrowing
kumaːɣɨ 18.56 the paper 1. clearly borrowed
uruːčka 18.57 the pen 1. clearly borrowed
kinige 18.61 the book 1. clearly borrowed
barabaːn 18.72 the drum 1. clearly borrowed
düŋür 18.72 the drum 5. no evidence for borrowing
doydu 19.11 the country 1. clearly borrowed
töröːbüt doydu 19.12 the native country 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuorat 19.15 the town 1. clearly borrowed
böhüölek 19.16 the village 1. clearly borrowed
deriebine 19.16 the village 1. clearly borrowed
kɨranɨːssa 19.17 the boundary 1. clearly borrowed
bɨːs 19.17 the boundary 5. no evidence for borrowing
omuk 19.21 the people 1. clearly borrowed
ʤon 19.21 the people 1. clearly borrowed
uːs 19.23 the clan 5. no evidence for borrowing
toyon 19.24 the chieftain 2. probably borrowed
bahɨlɨk 19.24 the chieftain 5. no evidence for borrowing
tayaχ 19.25 the walking stick 5. no evidence for borrowing
salay 19.31 to rule or govern 1. clearly borrowed
ɨraːχtaːɣɨ 19.32 the king 5. no evidence for borrowing
χotun ɨraːχtaːɣɨ 19.33 the queen 5. no evidence for borrowing
toyon 19.41 the master 2. probably borrowed
kulut 19.42 the slave 5. no evidence for borrowing
čaɣar 19.43 the servant 3. perhaps borrowed
χamnaččɨt 19.43 the servant 5. no evidence for borrowing
bosχoloː 19.445 to liberate 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨːhaː 19.445 to liberate 5. no evidence for borrowing
birikeːsteː 19.45 to command or order 5. no evidence for borrowing
ihit 19.46 to obey 5. no evidence for borrowing
bas berin 19.46 to obey 5. no evidence for borrowing
köŋülleː 19.47 to permit 5. no evidence for borrowing
doɣor 19.51 the friend 2. probably borrowed
atas 19.51 the friend 5. no evidence for borrowing
östöːχ 19.52 the enemy 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨal 19.54 the neighbour 5. no evidence for borrowing
kime billibet kihi 19.55 the stranger 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨalʤɨt 19.56 the guest 5. no evidence for borrowing
χonoho 19.56 the guest 3. perhaps borrowed
ɨŋɨr 19.565 to invite 5. no evidence for borrowing
ičči 19.57 the host 5. no evidence for borrowing
kömölös 19.58 to help 5. no evidence for borrowing
meheydeː 19.59 to prevent 1. clearly borrowed
χargɨstaː 19.59 to prevent 5. no evidence for borrowing
üges 19.61 the custom 3. perhaps borrowed
iːrseːn 19.62 the quarrel 5. no evidence for borrowing
etihiː 19.62 the quarrel 5. no evidence for borrowing
kiksiː 19.63 the plot 5. no evidence for borrowing
körsüs 19.65 to meet 5. no evidence for borrowing
seleːrčeχ 19.72 the prostitute 5. no evidence for borrowing
oχsus 20.11 to fight 5. no evidence for borrowing
seriːles 20.11 to fight 5. no evidence for borrowing
seriː 20.13 the war or battle 2. probably borrowed
eye 20.14 the peace 1. clearly borrowed
seriː 20.15 the army 2. probably borrowed
sallaːt 20.17 the soldier 1. clearly borrowed
seriː sebe 20.21 the weapons 5. no evidence for borrowing
saː 20.24 the bow 5. no evidence for borrowing
oχ 20.25 the arrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
üŋüː 20.26 the spear 5. no evidence for borrowing
bolot 20.27 the sword 2. probably borrowed
saː 20.28 the gun 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuỹaχ 20.31 the armour 5. no evidence for borrowing
kirieppes 20.35 the fortress 1. clearly borrowed
kɨayɨː 20.41 the victory 5. no evidence for borrowing
χottoruː 20.42 the defeat 5. no evidence for borrowing
ataːka 20.43 the attack 1. clearly borrowed
kömüskeː 20.44 to defend 5. no evidence for borrowing
čuguy 20.45 to retreat 1. clearly borrowed
beren 20.46 to surrender 5. no evidence for borrowing
bilienney 20.47 the captive or prisoner 1. clearly borrowed
χarabɨl 20.471 the guard 1. clearly borrowed
tohuːr 20.49 the ambush 5. no evidence for borrowing
balɨksɨt 20.51 the fisherman 5. no evidence for borrowing
küögü 20.52 the fishhook 1. clearly borrowed
ilim 20.54 the fishnet 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuː 20.55 the fish trap 5. no evidence for borrowing
meŋie 20.56 the bait 5. no evidence for borrowing
bultaː 20.61 to hunt 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨt (2) 20.62 to shoot 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨːs 20.63 to miss 5. no evidence for borrowing
χapkaːn 20.64 the trap 1. clearly borrowed
< qapqan (Tatar )
čaːrkaːn 20.64 the trap 1. clearly borrowed
tuhaχ 20.64 the trap 5. no evidence for borrowing
soχso 20.64 the trap 3. perhaps borrowed
χapkaːnnaː 20.65 to trap 5. no evidence for borrowing
čaːrkaːnnaː 20.65 to trap 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuhaχtaː 20.65 to trap 5. no evidence for borrowing
soχsoloː 20.65 to trap 5. no evidence for borrowing
sokuon 21.11 the law 1. clearly borrowed
suːt 21.15 the court 1. clearly borrowed
uːr 21.16 to adjudicate 5. no evidence for borrowing
uːraχ 21.17 the judgment 5. no evidence for borrowing
suʤuya 21.18 the judge 1. clearly borrowed
irdeːčči 21.21 the plaintiff 5. no evidence for borrowing
eppietteːčči 21.22 the defendant 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuohu 21.23 the witness 2. probably borrowed
kerehit 21.23 the witness 2. probably borrowed
andaɣay 21.24 to swear 3. perhaps borrowed
andaɣar 21.25 the oath 1. clearly borrowed
buruydaː 21.31 to accuse 5. no evidence for borrowing
uːr 21.32 to condemn 5. no evidence for borrowing
uːr 21.33 to convict 5. no evidence for borrowing
bɨːhaː 21.34 to acquit 5. no evidence for borrowing
buruydaːχ 21.35 guilty 5. no evidence for borrowing
buruya suoχ 21.36 innocent 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨstaraːp 21.38 the fine 1. clearly borrowed
χaːyɨː 21.39 the prison 5. no evidence for borrowing
ölörüː 21.42 the murder 5. no evidence for borrowing
körsüː 21.43 the adultery 5. no evidence for borrowing
küːhüleː 21.44 the rape 1. clearly borrowed
uottaːhɨn 21.46 the arson 5. no evidence for borrowing
sɨmɨya tuohu 21.47 the perjury 5. no evidence for borrowing
uor (2) 21.51 to steal 5. no evidence for borrowing
uoruyaχ 21.52 the thief 5. no evidence for borrowing
iteɣel 22.11 the religion 5. no evidence for borrowing
taŋara 22.12 the god 5. no evidence for borrowing
ayɨː 22.12 the god 3. perhaps borrowed
taŋara ʤiete 22.131 the church 5. no evidence for borrowing
siertibe 22.15 the sacrifice 1. clearly borrowed
üŋ 22.16 to worship 5. no evidence for borrowing
üŋ 22.17 to pray 5. no evidence for borrowing
aɣabɨt 22.18 the priest 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨtɨk 22.19 holy 5. no evidence for borrowing
alɣaː 22.23 to bless 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨraː 22.24 to curse 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuraːnaχ künnen 22.26 to fast 5. no evidence for borrowing
ɨray 22.31 the heaven 1. clearly borrowed
üöhe doydu 22.31 the heaven 5. no evidence for borrowing
aːt (2) 22.32 the hell 1. clearly borrowed
ad (Russian )
allara doydu 22.32 the hell 5. no evidence for borrowing
abaːhɨ 22.35 the demon 3. perhaps borrowed
ap 22.42 the magic 1. clearly borrowed
χomuhun, χobuhun 22.42 the magic 1. clearly borrowed
aptaːχ 22.43 the sorcerer or witch 5. no evidence for borrowing
sibien 22.45 the ghost 1. clearly borrowed
üör 22.45 the ghost 4. very little evidence for borrowing
belie 22.47 the omen 5. no evidence for borrowing
araːʤɨya 23.1 the radio 1. clearly borrowed
telebiːzer 23.11 the television 1. clearly borrowed
tölüpüön 23.12 the telephone 1. clearly borrowed
belasiped 23.13 the bicycle 1. clearly borrowed
timir at 23.13 the bicycle 5. no evidence for borrowing
matassɨkɨl 23.135 the motorcycle 1. clearly borrowed
massɨːna 23.14 the car 1. clearly borrowed
avtobus 23.15 the bus 1. clearly borrowed
buoyas 23.155 the train 1. clearly borrowed
sömölüöt 23.16 the airplane 1. clearly borrowed
ʤarapɨlaːn 23.16 the airplane 1. clearly borrowed
uot 23.17 the electricity 5. no evidence for borrowing
batareya 23.175 the battery 1. clearly borrowed
tuormastaː 23.18 to brake 5. no evidence for borrowing
motuor 23.185 the motor 1. clearly borrowed
massɨːna 23.19 the machine 1. clearly borrowed
neft 23.195 the petroleum 1. clearly borrowed
balɨːha 23.2 the hospital 1. clearly borrowed
siestere 23.21 the nurse 1. clearly borrowed
emp 23.22 the pill or tablet 5. no evidence for borrowing
ukuol 23.23 the injection 1. clearly borrowed
ačɨkɨ 23.24 the spectacles/glasses 1. clearly borrowed
pravitelstva 23.3 the government 1. clearly borrowed
prezident 23.31 the president 1. clearly borrowed
ministr 23.32 the minister 1. clearly borrowed
miliːssiye 23.33 the police 1. clearly borrowed
köŋül 23.34 the driver's license 5. no evidence for borrowing
nüömer 23.35 the license plate 1. clearly borrowed
töröːbütün tuhunan tuohu suruk 23.36 the birth certificate 5. no evidence for borrowing
buruy 23.37 the crime 1. clearly borrowed
bɨːbar 23.38 the election 1. clearly borrowed
aːdɨrɨs 23.385 the address 1. clearly borrowed
nüömer 23.39 the number 1. clearly borrowed
uːlussa 23.395 the street 1. clearly borrowed
počta 23.4 the post/mail 1. clearly borrowed
maːrka 23.41 the postage stamp 1. clearly borrowed
suruk 23.42 the letter 5. no evidence for borrowing
atkrɨtka 23.43 the postcard 1. clearly borrowed
bank 23.44 the bank 1. clearly borrowed
kɨraːn 23.5 the tap/faucet 1. clearly borrowed
rakovina 23.51 the sink 1. clearly borrowed
tualet 23.52 the toilet 1. clearly borrowed
taχsan kiːrer sir 23.52 the toilet 5. no evidence for borrowing
mataraːs 23.53 the mattress 1. clearly borrowed
kensierbe baːnkata 23.54 the tin/can 1. clearly borrowed
biːnte 23.55 the screw 1. clearly borrowed
etibierke 23.555 the screwdriver 1. clearly borrowed
bɨtɨːlka 23.56 the bottle 1. clearly borrowed
kempiet 23.565 the candy/sweets 1. clearly borrowed
plasmaːs 23.57 the plastic 1. clearly borrowed
buomba 23.575 the bomb 1. clearly borrowed
uhanar sɨaχ 23.58 the workshop 5. no evidence for borrowing
böppürüöske 23.59 the cigarette 1. clearly borrowed
χahɨat 23.6 the newspaper 1. clearly borrowed
χalandaːr 23.61 the calendar 1. clearly borrowed
kiːne 23.62 the film/movie 1. clearly borrowed
muzɨka 23.63 the music 1. clearly borrowed
ɨrɨa 23.64 the song 5. no evidence for borrowing
čey, čay 23.9 the tea 1. clearly borrowed
kofe 23.91 the coffee 1. clearly borrowed
e 24.01 to be 5. no evidence for borrowing
buol (1) 24.01 to be 5. no evidence for borrowing
buol (2) 24.02 to become 5. no evidence for borrowing
kɨtta 24.04 with 5. no evidence for borrowing
suoχ 24.06 not 5. no evidence for borrowing
bu 24.07 this 5. no evidence for borrowing
iti 24.07 this 5. no evidence for borrowing
ol 24.08 that 5. no evidence for borrowing
manna 24.09 here 5. no evidence for borrowing
onno 24.1 there 5. no evidence for borrowing
atɨn 24.11 other 5. no evidence for borrowing
anɨgɨ 24.12 next 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuoχ da (suoχ) 24.14 nothing 5. no evidence for borrowing