Japanese Vocabulary

by Christopher K. Schmidt

The vocabulary contains 2131 meaning-word pairs from the recipient language Japanese. The corresponding text chapter was published in the book Loanwords in the World's Languages. The language page Japanese contains a list of all loanwords arranged by donor languoid.

Word LWT Code Meaning Borrowed Status Original Script Source Words
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Word

The word is given in the usual orthography or transcription, and in the usual citation form.

Click on a word to get even more information than is shown in this table.

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LWT Code

The Loanword Typology code is the identifier of the Loanword Typology meaning. Sorting by LWT Code sorts the words thematically by semantic field.

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Meaning

This column shows the labels of the Loanword Typology meanings. By clicking on a meaning label, you get more information about the meaning, as well as a list of all words that are counterparts of that meaning.

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Borrowed Status

There are five borrowed statuses, reflecting decreasing likelihood that the word is a loanword:

  1. clearly borrowed
  2. probably borrowed
  3. perhaps borrowed
  4. very little evidence for borrowing
  5. no evidence for borrowing
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Original Script

This gives the usual written form for languages that do not use the Latin script.

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Source Words

For (possible) loanwords, this column shows the words in the source languages that served as models.

sekai 1.1 the world 1. clearly borrowed 世界
yo 1.1 the world 5. no evidence for borrowing 世
tairiku 1.21 the land 1. clearly borrowed 大陸
rikuchi 1.21 the land 1. clearly borrowed 陸地
riku 1.21 the land 1. clearly borrowed 陸
tsuchi (1) 1.212 the soil 5. no evidence for borrowing 土
hokori 1.213 the dust 5. no evidence for borrowing 埃
doro 1.214 the mud 5. no evidence for borrowing 泥
suna 1.215 the sand 5. no evidence for borrowing 砂
yama 1.22 the mountain or hill 5. no evidence for borrowing 山
oka 1.22 the mountain or hill 5. no evidence for borrowing 丘
gake 1.222 the cliff or precipice 5. no evidence for borrowing 崖
heichi 1.23 the plain 1. clearly borrowed 平地
nohara 1.23 the plain 5. no evidence for borrowing 野原
tani 1.24 the valley 5. no evidence for borrowing 谷
shima 1.25 the island 5. no evidence for borrowing 島
naichi 1.26 the mainland 1. clearly borrowed 内地
tairiku 1.26 the mainland 1. clearly borrowed 大陸
kishi 1.27 the shore 5. no evidence for borrowing 岸
kaigan 1.27 the shore 1. clearly borrowed 海岸
kagan 1.27 the shore 1. clearly borrowed 河岸
dōkutsu 1.28 the cave 1. clearly borrowed 洞窟
horaana 1.28 the cave 5. no evidence for borrowing 洞穴
mizu 1.31 the water 5. no evidence for borrowing 水
umi (1) 1.32 the sea 5. no evidence for borrowing 海
nagi 1.322 calm 5. no evidence for borrowing 凪
shikeru 1.323 rough(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 湿気る(become wet)、 時化る (become rough (2)) The latter is a case of ateji.
awa (1) 1.324 the foam 5. no evidence for borrowing 泡
kaiyō 1.329 the ocean 1. clearly borrowed 海洋
taiyō (2) 1.329 the ocean 1. clearly borrowed 大洋
mizuumi 1.33 the lake 5. no evidence for borrowing 湖
ike 1.33 the lake 5. no evidence for borrowing 池
irie 1.34 the bay 5. no evidence for borrowing 入江
wan 1.34 the bay 1. clearly borrowed 湾
kata (1) 1.341 the lagoon 5. no evidence for borrowing 潟
anshō 1.342 the reef 1. clearly borrowed 暗礁
misaki 1.343 the cape 5. no evidence for borrowing 岬
nami 1.35 the wave 5. no evidence for borrowing 波
shio 1.352 the tide 2. probably borrowed 塩 (salt); 潮、汐 (tide)
hikishio 1.353 the low tide 5. no evidence for borrowing 引潮
kanchō 1.353 the low tide 3. perhaps borrowed 干潮
michishio 1.354 the high tide 5. no evidence for borrowing 満潮
manchō 1.354 the high tide 3. perhaps borrowed 満潮
kawa (1) 1.36 the river or stream 5. no evidence for borrowing 川、河
uzumaki 1.362 the whirlpool 5. no evidence for borrowing 渦巻
izumi 1.37 the spring or well 5. no evidence for borrowing 泉
ido 1.37 the spring or well 5. no evidence for borrowing 井戸
numa 1.38 the swamp 5. no evidence for borrowing 沼
shitchi 1.38 the swamp 1. clearly borrowed 湿地
taki 1.39 the waterfall 5. no evidence for borrowing 滝
mori 1.41 the woods or forest 5. no evidence for borrowing 森
hayashi 1.41 the woods or forest 5. no evidence for borrowing 林
saban’na 1.411 the savanna 1. clearly borrowed サバンナ
< zabana (Taino )
ki (1) 1.43 the wood 5. no evidence for borrowing 木
mokuzai 1.43 the wood 1. clearly borrowed 木材
ishi 1.44 the stone or rock 5. no evidence for borrowing 石
iwa 1.44 the stone or rock 5. no evidence for borrowing 岩
jishin 1.45 the earthquake 1. clearly borrowed 地震
sora 1.51 the sky 3. perhaps borrowed 空
hi (1) 1.52 the sun 5. no evidence for borrowing 日
taiyō (1) 1.52 the sun 1. clearly borrowed 太陽
tsuki 1.53 the moon 5. no evidence for borrowing 月
hoshi 1.54 the star 5. no evidence for borrowing 星
inazuma 1.55 the lightning 5. no evidence for borrowing 稲妻
kaminari 1.56 the thunder 5. no evidence for borrowing 雷
ikazuchi 1.56 the thunder 5. no evidence for borrowing 雷
kaminari 1.57 the bolt of lightning 5. no evidence for borrowing 雷
rakurai 1.57 the bolt of lightning 1. clearly borrowed 落雷
arashi 1.58 the storm 5. no evidence for borrowing 嵐
niji 1.59 the rainbow 5. no evidence for borrowing 虹
hikari 1.61 the light 5. no evidence for borrowing 光
yami 1.62 the darkness 5. no evidence for borrowing 闇
kage 1.63 the shade or shadow 5. no evidence for borrowing 陰 (shade)　影 (shadow)
tsuyu 1.64 the dew 5. no evidence for borrowing 露
kūki 1.71 the air 1. clearly borrowed 空気
< lugt (Dutch )
kaze 1.72 the wind 5. no evidence for borrowing 風 (wind) 風邪(cold). The latter is some sort of ateji.
kumo (1) 1.73 the cloud 5. no evidence for borrowing 雲
kiri (1) 1.74 the fog 5. no evidence for borrowing 霧
ame (1) 1.75 the rain 5. no evidence for borrowing 雨
yuki 1.76 the snow 5. no evidence for borrowing 雪
kōri 1.77 the ice 5. no evidence for borrowing 氷
kyokkō 1.771 the arctic lights 2. probably borrowed 極光
ōrora 1.771 the arctic lights 1. clearly borrowed オーロラ
< aurora (Latin )
kōru 1.775 to freeze 5. no evidence for borrowing 凍る
tenki 1.78 the weather 1. clearly borrowed 天気
tenkō 1.78 the weather 1. clearly borrowed 天候
hi (2) 1.81 the fire 5. no evidence for borrowing 火
honoo 1.82 the flame 5. no evidence for borrowing 炎
kemuri 1.83 the smoke 3. perhaps borrowed 煙
suijōki 1.831 the steam 2. probably borrowed 水蒸気
yuge 1.831 the steam 5. no evidence for borrowing 湯気
hai (1) 1.84 the ash 3. perhaps borrowed 灰
moesashi 1.841 the embers 5. no evidence for borrowing 燃差
moyasu 1.851 to burn(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 燃やす
moeru 1.852 to burn(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 燃える
tomosu 1.86 to light 5. no evidence for borrowing 点す、灯す
kesu 1.861 to extinguish 5. no evidence for borrowing 消す
matchi 1.87 the match 1. clearly borrowed マッチ, original ateji spelling 燐寸
< myxa (Latin )
maki 1.88 the firewood 5. no evidence for borrowing 薪
takigi 1.88 the firewood 5. no evidence for borrowing 薪
sumi 1.89 the charcoal 5. no evidence for borrowing 炭
mokutan 1.89 the charcoal 1. clearly borrowed 木炭
hito 2.1 the person 5. no evidence for borrowing 人
ningen 2.1 the person 1. clearly borrowed 人間
otoko 2.21 the man 5. no evidence for borrowing 男
dansei 2.21 the man 1. clearly borrowed 男性
onna 2.22 the woman 5. no evidence for borrowing 女
josei 2.22 the woman 1. clearly borrowed 女性
otoko 2.23 male(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 男
dansei 2.23 male(1) 1. clearly borrowed 男性
onna 2.24 female(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 女
josei 2.24 female(1) 1. clearly borrowed 女性
otokonoko 2.25 the boy 5. no evidence for borrowing 男の子
danshi 2.25 the boy 1. clearly borrowed 男子
shōnen 2.25 the boy 1. clearly borrowed 少年
seinen 2.251 the young man 1. clearly borrowed 青年
wakamono 2.251 the young man 5. no evidence for borrowing 若者
onnanoko 2.26 the girl 5. no evidence for borrowing 女の子
joshi 2.26 the girl 1. clearly borrowed 女子
shōjo 2.26 the girl 1. clearly borrowed 少女
seijo 2.261 the young woman 1. clearly borrowed 青女
otome 2.261 the young woman 5. no evidence for borrowing 乙女
kodomo 2.27 the child(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 子供
aka-chan 2.28 the baby 5. no evidence for borrowing 赤ちゃん
otto 2.31 the husband 5. no evidence for borrowing 夫
danna 2.31 the husband 1. clearly borrowed 旦那、originally 檀那
shujin 2.31 the husband 1. clearly borrowed 主人
teishu 2.31 the husband 1. clearly borrowed 亭主
tsuma 2.32 the wife 3. perhaps borrowed 妻
okusan 2.32 the wife 4. very little evidence for borrowing 奥さん
kanai 2.32 the wife 1. clearly borrowed 家内
nyōbō 2.32 the wife 1. clearly borrowed 女房
kekkon 2.33 to marry 1. clearly borrowed 結婚
kekkonshiki 2.34 the wedding 4. very little evidence for borrowing 結婚式
rikon 2.341 the divorce 2. probably borrowed 離婚
chichi (1) 2.35 the father 5. no evidence for borrowing 父
otōsan 2.35 the father 5. no evidence for borrowing お父さん
haha 2.36 the mother 5. no evidence for borrowing 母
okāsan 2.36 the mother 3. perhaps borrowed お母さん
oya 2.37 the parents 5. no evidence for borrowing 親
ryōshin 2.37 the parents 2. probably borrowed 両親
saitaisha 2.38 the married man 4. very little evidence for borrowing 妻帯者
hitozuma 2.39 the married woman 5. no evidence for borrowing 人妻
musuko 2.41 the son 5. no evidence for borrowing 息子
musume 2.42 the daughter 5. no evidence for borrowing 娘
kodomo 2.43 the child(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 子供
otokokyōdai 2.44 the brother 5. no evidence for borrowing 男兄弟
keitei 2.44 the brother 1. clearly borrowed 兄弟
ani 2.444 the older brother 5. no evidence for borrowing 兄
oniisan 2.444 the older brother 5. no evidence for borrowing お兄さん
otōto 2.445 the younger brother 5. no evidence for borrowing 弟
shimai 2.45 the sister 1. clearly borrowed 姉妹
onnakyōdai 2.45 the sister 5. no evidence for borrowing 女兄弟
ane 2.454 the older sister 5. no evidence for borrowing 姉
onēsan 2.454 the older sister 5. no evidence for borrowing お姉さん
imōto 2.455 the younger sister 5. no evidence for borrowing 妹
kyōdai 2.456 the sibling 1. clearly borrowed 兄弟
kyōdaishimai 2.456 the sibling 1. clearly borrowed 兄弟姉妹
keishi 2.4561 the older sibling 1. clearly borrowed 兄姉
toshiue no kyōdai 2.4561 the older sibling 5. no evidence for borrowing 年上の兄弟
teimai 2.4562 the younger sibling 1. clearly borrowed 弟妹
toshishita no kyōdai 2.4562 the younger sibling 5. no evidence for borrowing 年下の兄弟
futago 2.458 the twins 5. no evidence for borrowing 双子
sofu 2.46 the grandfather 1. clearly borrowed 祖父
ojiisan 2.46 the grandfather 5. no evidence for borrowing お祖父さん (grandfather) お爺さん (old man)
rōjin 2.461 the old man 1. clearly borrowed 老人
toshiyori 2.461 the old man 5. no evidence for borrowing 年寄り
ojiisan 2.461 the old man 5. no evidence for borrowing お祖父さん (grandfather) お爺さん (old man)
sobo 2.47 the grandmother 1. clearly borrowed 祖母
obāsan 2.47 the grandmother 5. no evidence for borrowing お祖母さん (grandmother) お婆さん (old woman)
rōba 2.471 the old woman 1. clearly borrowed 老婆
obāsan 2.471 the old woman 5. no evidence for borrowing お祖母さん (grandmother) お婆さん (old woman)
rōfu 2.471 the old woman 1. clearly borrowed 老婦
sofubo 2.4711 the grandparents 1. clearly borrowed 祖父母
mago 2.48 the grandson 5. no evidence for borrowing 孫
magomusume 2.49 the granddaughter 5. no evidence for borrowing 孫娘
mago 2.5 the grandchild 5. no evidence for borrowing 孫
oji 2.51 the uncle 5. no evidence for borrowing 伯父　(parent’s elder brother)、叔父(parent’s younger brother)
oji 2.511 the mother's brother 5. no evidence for borrowing 伯父　(parent’s elder brother)、叔父(parent’s younger brother)
oji 2.512 the father's brother 5. no evidence for borrowing 伯父　(parent’s elder brother)、叔父(parent’s younger brother)
oba 2.52 the aunt 5. no evidence for borrowing 伯母　(parent’s elder brother)、叔母(parent’s younger brother)
oba 2.521 the mother's sister 5. no evidence for borrowing 伯母　(parent’s elder brother)、叔母(parent’s younger brother)
oba 2.522 the father's sister 5. no evidence for borrowing 伯母　(parent’s elder brother)、叔母(parent’s younger brother)
oi 2.53 the nephew 5. no evidence for borrowing 甥
mei 2.54 the niece 5. no evidence for borrowing 姪
itoko 2.55 the cousin 5. no evidence for borrowing 従兄弟 (usually in hiragana. In kanji, the characters given are most common, but appropriate characters can be used to indicate gender and relative age of the cousin)
senzo 2.56 the ancestors 1. clearly borrowed 先祖
shison 2.57 the descendants 1. clearly borrowed 子孫
shūto 2.61 the father-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing 舅
shūto 2.611 the father-in-law (of a woman) 5. no evidence for borrowing 舅
shūtome 2.62 the mother-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing 姑
shūtome 2.621 the mother-in-law (of a woman) 5. no evidence for borrowing 姑
gifubo 2.622 the parents-in-law 2. probably borrowed 義父母
muko 2.63 the son-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing 婿
muko 2.631 the son-in-law (of a woman) 5. no evidence for borrowing 婿
yome 2.64 the daughter-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing 嫁
yome 2.641 the daughter-in-law (of a woman) 5. no evidence for borrowing 嫁
gikyōdai 2.6412 the sibling-in-law 3. perhaps borrowed 義兄弟
mamachichi 2.71 the stepfather 5. no evidence for borrowing 継父
gifu 2.71 the stepfather 1. clearly borrowed 義父
mamahaha 2.72 the stepmother 5. no evidence for borrowing 継母
gibo 2.72 the stepmother 1. clearly borrowed 義母
mamamusuko 2.73 the stepson 5. no evidence for borrowing 継息子
mamamusume 2.74 the stepdaughter 5. no evidence for borrowing 継娘
koji 2.75 the orphan 1. clearly borrowed 孤児
mibōjin 2.76 the widow 4. very little evidence for borrowing 未亡人
yamome 2.76 the widow 5. no evidence for borrowing 寡、寡婦?
kafu 2.76 the widow 1. clearly borrowed 寡婦
otokoyamome 2.77 the widower 5. no evidence for borrowing 男寡婦
shinseki 2.81 the relatives 1. clearly borrowed 親戚
miuchi 2.82 the family 5. no evidence for borrowing 身内
kazoku 2.82 the family 1. clearly borrowed 家族
watashi 2.91 I 5. no evidence for borrowing 私
boku 2.91 I 1. clearly borrowed 僕
ore 2.91 I 5. no evidence for borrowing 俺
kimi (1) 2.92 you (singular) 3. perhaps borrowed 君
omae 2.92 you (singular) 5. no evidence for borrowing 御前
anata 2.92 you (singular) 5. no evidence for borrowing 貴方
kare 2.93 he/she/it 5. no evidence for borrowing 彼
kanojo 2.93 he/she/it 5. no evidence for borrowing 彼女
kare 2.931 he 5. no evidence for borrowing 彼
kanojo 2.932 she 5. no evidence for borrowing 彼女
sore 2.933 it 5. no evidence for borrowing それ
watashitachi 2.94 we 5. no evidence for borrowing 私達
oretachi 2.94 we 5. no evidence for borrowing 俺達
bokura 2.94 we 5. no evidence for borrowing 僕等
wareware 2.94 we 5. no evidence for borrowing 我々
kimitachi 2.95 you (plural) 5. no evidence for borrowing 君達
anatagata 2.95 you (plural) 5. no evidence for borrowing 貴方々
karera 2.96 they 5. no evidence for borrowing 彼等
dōbutsu 3.11 the animal 1. clearly borrowed 動物
osu (1) 3.12 male(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 雄
mesu 3.13 female(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 雌
kachiku 3.15 the livestock 1. clearly borrowed 家畜
bokujō 3.16 the pasture 1. clearly borrowed 牧場
bokufu 3.18 the herdsman 1. clearly borrowed 牧夫
kachikugoya 3.19 the stable or stall 5. no evidence for borrowing 家畜小屋
ushi 3.2 the cattle 5. no evidence for borrowing 牛
oushi 3.21 the bull 5. no evidence for borrowing 牡牛
kyoseigyū 3.22 the ox 2. probably borrowed 去勢牛
meushi 3.23 the cow 5. no evidence for borrowing 牝牛、雌牛
koushi 3.24 the calf 5. no evidence for borrowing 子牛
hitsuji 3.25 the sheep 5. no evidence for borrowing 羊
ohitsuji 3.26 the ram 5. no evidence for borrowing 雄羊
mehitsuji 3.28 the ewe 5. no evidence for borrowing 雌羊
kohitsuji 3.29 the lamb 5. no evidence for borrowing 子羊
inoshishi 3.32 the boar 5. no evidence for borrowing 猪
mebuta 3.34 the sow 5. no evidence for borrowing 雌豚
buta 3.35 the pig 5. no evidence for borrowing 豚
yagi 3.36 the goat 4. very little evidence for borrowing 山羊
osuyagi 3.37 the he-goat 5. no evidence for borrowing 雄山羊
koyagi 3.38 the kid 5. no evidence for borrowing 子山羊
uma 3.41 the horse 2. probably borrowed 馬
taneuma 3.42 the stallion 5. no evidence for borrowing 種馬
meuma 3.44 the mare 5. no evidence for borrowing 雌馬
kouma 3.45 the foal or colt 5. no evidence for borrowing 子馬
roba 3.46 the donkey 1. clearly borrowed 驢馬
raba 3.47 the mule 1. clearly borrowed 騾馬
kakin 3.5 the fowl 1. clearly borrowed 家禽
ondori 3.52 the cock/rooster 5. no evidence for borrowing 雄鶏
mendori 3.54 the hen 5. no evidence for borrowing 雌鳥
niwatori 3.55 the chicken 5. no evidence for borrowing 鶏
gachō 3.56 the goose 1. clearly borrowed 鵞鳥
ahiru 3.57 the duck 5. no evidence for borrowing 家鴨
su 3.58 the nest 5. no evidence for borrowing 巣
tori 3.581 the bird 5. no evidence for borrowing 鳥
kamome 3.582 the seagull 5. no evidence for borrowing 鴎
sagi 3.583 the heron 5. no evidence for borrowing 鷺
washi 3.584 the eagle 5. no evidence for borrowing 鷲
taka 3.585 the hawk 5. no evidence for borrowing 鷹
hagetaka 3.586 the vulture 5. no evidence for borrowing 禿鷹
kōmori 3.591 the bat 5. no evidence for borrowing 蝙蝠
ōmu 3.592 the parrot 1. clearly borrowed 鸚鵡
karasu 3.593 the crow 5. no evidence for borrowing 烏
hato 3.594 the dove 5. no evidence for borrowing 鳩
fukurō 3.596 the owl 5. no evidence for borrowing 梟
u 3.597 the cormorant 5. no evidence for borrowing 鵜
ōhashi 3.598 the toucan 5. no evidence for borrowing 大嘴
inu 3.61 the dog 5. no evidence for borrowing 犬
usagi 3.614 the rabbit 3. perhaps borrowed 兎
neko 3.62 the cat 5. no evidence for borrowing 猫
fukuronezumi 3.622 the opossum 5. no evidence for borrowing 梟鼠
opossamu 3.622 the opossum 1. clearly borrowed オポッサム
nezumi 3.63 the mouse or rat 5. no evidence for borrowing 鼠
sakana 3.65 the fish 5. no evidence for borrowing 魚
hire 3.652 the fin 5. no evidence for borrowing 鰭
uroko 3.653 the scale 5. no evidence for borrowing 鱗
era 3.654 the gill 5. no evidence for borrowing 鰓
kai (1) 3.655 the shell 5. no evidence for borrowing 貝
same 3.661 the shark 4. very little evidence for borrowing 鮫
same (Ainu )
iruka 3.662 the porpoise or dolphin 5. no evidence for borrowing 海豚, 鯆
kujira 3.663 the whale 5. no evidence for borrowing 鯨
ei 3.664 the stingray 5. no evidence for borrowing 鱏
unagi 3.665 the freshwater eel 5. no evidence for borrowing 鰻
ōkami 3.71 the wolf 5. no evidence for borrowing 狼
shishi 3.72 the lion 1. clearly borrowed 獅子
raion 3.72 the lion 1. clearly borrowed ライオン
< leōn (Greek )
kuma 3.73 the bear 2. probably borrowed 熊
kitsune 3.74 the fox 5. no evidence for borrowing 狐
shika 3.75 the deer 5. no evidence for borrowing 鹿
saru (1) 3.76 the monkey 5. no evidence for borrowing 猿
zō 3.77 the elephant 1. clearly borrowed 象 (elephant), 像 (statue)
rakuda 3.78 the camel 1. clearly borrowed 駱駝
mushi 3.81 the insect 5. no evidence for borrowing 虫
konchū 3.81 the insect 1. clearly borrowed 昆虫
atamajirami 3.811 the head louse 5. no evidence for borrowing 頭虱
shirami 3.811 the head louse 5. no evidence for borrowing 虱
koromojirami 3.8112 the body louse 5. no evidence for borrowing 衣虱
shirami 3.8112 the body louse 5. no evidence for borrowing 虱
nomi (1) 3.813 the flea 5. no evidence for borrowing 蚤
mukade 3.814 the centipede 5. no evidence for borrowing 百足
sasori 3.815 the scorpion 5. no evidence for borrowing 蠍
gokiburi 3.816 the cockroach 5. no evidence for borrowing ごきぶり/蜚蠊/御器齧
aburamushi 3.816 the cockroach 5. no evidence for borrowing 油虫
ari 3.817 the ant 5. no evidence for borrowing 蟻
kumo (2) 3.818 the spider 5. no evidence for borrowing 蜘蛛
mitsubachi 3.82 the bee 5. no evidence for borrowing 蜜蜂
mitsurō 3.821 the beeswax 1. clearly borrowed 蜜蝋
hachisu 3.822 the beehive 5. no evidence for borrowing 蜂巣
hōka (2) 3.822 the beehive 2. probably borrowed 蜂窩
hachi (1) 3.823 the wasp 5. no evidence for borrowing 蜂
hae 3.83 the fly 5. no evidence for borrowing 蠅
sunabae 3.831 the sandfly or midge or gnat 5. no evidence for borrowing 砂蠅
yusurika 3.831 the sandfly or midge or gnat 5. no evidence for borrowing 揺蚊
buyo 3.831 the sandfly or midge or gnat 5. no evidence for borrowing 蚋
ka (1) 3.832 the mosquito 5. no evidence for borrowing 蚊
ebi 3.833 the prawns or shrimp 5. no evidence for borrowing 海老・蝦
shiroari 3.834 the termites 5. no evidence for borrowing 白蟻
dani 3.835 the tick 5. no evidence for borrowing ダニ・壁蝨・蜱
mushi 3.84 the worm 5. no evidence for borrowing 虫
hebi 3.85 the snake 5. no evidence for borrowing 蛇
koyōte 3.862 the coyote 1. clearly borrowed コヨーテ
usagi 3.863 the hare 3. perhaps borrowed 兎
uzura 3.865 the quail 5. no evidence for borrowing 鶉
araiguma 3.866 the raccoon 5. no evidence for borrowing アライグマ・洗熊・浣熊
risu 3.869 the squirrel 1. clearly borrowed 栗鼠
tonakai 3.871 the reindeer/caribou 1. clearly borrowed トナカイ・馴鹿
ōjika 3.872 the elk/moose 5. no evidence for borrowing 大鹿
herajika 3.872 the elk/moose 5. no evidence for borrowing ヘラジカ
biibā 3.873 the beaver 1. clearly borrowed ビーバー
kangarū 3.88 the kangaroo 1. clearly borrowed カンガルー
arikui 3.89 the anteater 5. no evidence for borrowing アリクイ・蟻食・食蟻獣
jagā 3.9 the jaguar 1. clearly borrowed ジャガー
hotaru 3.91 the firefly 5. no evidence for borrowing 蛍
kamereon 3.913 the chameleon 1. clearly borrowed カメレオン
suigyū 3.917 the buffalo 1. clearly borrowed 水牛
baffarō 3.917 the buffalo 1. clearly borrowed バッファロー
chō (1) 3.92 the butterfly 1. clearly borrowed 蝶
batta 3.93 the grasshopper 5. no evidence for borrowing 飛蝗
inago 3.93 the grasshopper 5. no evidence for borrowing 蝗
kirigirisu 3.93 the grasshopper 5. no evidence for borrowing 螽斯/蟋蟀
katatsumuri 3.94 the snail 5. no evidence for borrowing 蝸牛
kaeru (1) 3.95 the frog 5. no evidence for borrowing 蛙
tokage 3.96 the lizard 5. no evidence for borrowing 蜥蜴
wani 3.97 the crocodile or alligator 5. no evidence for borrowing 鰐
kame 3.98 the turtle 5. no evidence for borrowing 亀
baku 3.99 the tapir 1. clearly borrowed 獏
karada 4.11 the body 5. no evidence for borrowing 体
hifu 4.12 the skin or hide 1. clearly borrowed 皮膚
kawa (2) 4.12 the skin or hide 5. no evidence for borrowing 皮
niku 4.13 the flesh 1. clearly borrowed 肉
kami (1) 4.14 the hair 5. no evidence for borrowing 髪
ke 4.14 the hair 5. no evidence for borrowing 毛
hige 4.142 the beard 5. no evidence for borrowing 髭
taimō 4.144 the body hair 2. probably borrowed 体毛
inmō 4.145 the pubic hair 1. clearly borrowed 陰毛
chimō 4.145 the pubic hair 1. clearly borrowed 恥毛
fuke 4.146 the dandruff 5. no evidence for borrowing 雲脂/頭垢
chi 4.15 the blood 5. no evidence for borrowing 血
kekkan 4.151 the vein or artery 2. probably borrowed 血管
hone 4.16 the bone 5. no evidence for borrowing 骨
abara 4.162 the rib 5. no evidence for borrowing 肋
rokkotsu 4.162 the rib 1. clearly borrowed 肋骨
tsuno 4.17 the horn 3. perhaps borrowed 角
o 4.18 the tail 5. no evidence for borrowing 尾
shippo 4.18 the tail 5. no evidence for borrowing 尻尾
se 4.19 the back 5. no evidence for borrowing 背
senaka 4.19 the back 5. no evidence for borrowing 背中
sekichū 4.191 the spine 2. probably borrowed 脊柱
sebone 4.191 the spine 5. no evidence for borrowing 背骨
atama 4.2 the head 5. no evidence for borrowing 頭
komekami 4.201 the temples 5. no evidence for borrowing 蟀谷
zugaikotsu 4.202 the skull 1. clearly borrowed 頭蓋骨
nō 4.203 the brain 1. clearly borrowed 脳
kao 4.204 the face 5. no evidence for borrowing 顔
hitai 4.205 the forehead 5. no evidence for borrowing 額
kiba 4.207 the jaw 5. no evidence for borrowing 牙
ago 4.207 the jaw 5. no evidence for borrowing 顎、頤
hō 4.208 the cheek 5. no evidence for borrowing 頬
ago 4.209 the chin 5. no evidence for borrowing 顎、頤
otogai 4.209 the chin 5. no evidence for borrowing 頤
me 4.21 the eye 5. no evidence for borrowing 目、眼
mayuge 4.212 the eyebrow 5. no evidence for borrowing 眉毛
mabuta 4.213 the eyelid 5. no evidence for borrowing 瞼
matsuge 4.214 the eyelash 5. no evidence for borrowing 睫
mabataki 4.215 to blink 5. no evidence for borrowing 瞬き
mimi 4.22 the ear 3. perhaps borrowed 耳
jida 4.22 the ear 1. clearly borrowed 耳朶
mimitabu 4.221 the earlobe 5. no evidence for borrowing 耳朶
jida 4.221 the earlobe 1. clearly borrowed 耳朶
mimiaka 4.222 the earwax 5. no evidence for borrowing 耳垢
hana (1) 4.23 the nose 5. no evidence for borrowing 鼻
bikō 4.231 the nostril 1. clearly borrowed 鼻孔
hanakuso 4.232 the nasal mucus 5. no evidence for borrowing 鼻糞
hanamizu 4.232 the nasal mucus 5. no evidence for borrowing 鼻水
hana (1) 4.232 the nasal mucus 5. no evidence for borrowing 鼻
kuchi 4.24 the mouth 5. no evidence for borrowing 口
kuchibashi 4.241 the beak 5. no evidence for borrowing 嘴
kuchibiru 4.25 the lip 5. no evidence for borrowing 唇
shita (1) 4.26 the tongue 5. no evidence for borrowing 舌
ha (1) 4.27 the tooth 5. no evidence for borrowing 歯
haguki 4.271 the gums 5. no evidence for borrowing 歯茎
shigin 4.271 the gums 1. clearly borrowed 歯齦
shiniku 4.271 the gums 1. clearly borrowed 歯肉
kyūshi 4.272 the molar tooth 2. probably borrowed 臼歯
okuba 4.272 the molar tooth 5. no evidence for borrowing 奥歯
kubi 4.28 the neck 5. no evidence for borrowing 首
unaji 4.281 the nape of the neck 5. no evidence for borrowing 項
erikubi 4.281 the nape of the neck 5. no evidence for borrowing 襟首
nodo 4.29 the throat 3. perhaps borrowed 喉
kata (2) 4.3 the shoulder 5. no evidence for borrowing 肩
kenkōkotsu 4.301 the shoulderblade 1. clearly borrowed 肩甲骨・肩胛骨
sakotsu 4.302 the collarbone 1. clearly borrowed 鎖骨
ude 4.31 the arm 5. no evidence for borrowing 腕
ekika 4.312 the armpit 1. clearly borrowed 腋下
waki no shita 4.312 the armpit 5. no evidence for borrowing 脇の下
hiji 4.32 the elbow 5. no evidence for borrowing 肘
tekubi 4.321 the wrist 5. no evidence for borrowing 手首
te 4.33 the hand 5. no evidence for borrowing 手
tenohira 4.331 the palm of the hand 5. no evidence for borrowing 掌
tanagokoro 4.331 the palm of the hand 5. no evidence for borrowing 掌
yubi 4.34 the finger 5. no evidence for borrowing 指
oyayubi 4.342 the thumb 5. no evidence for borrowing 親指
tsume 4.344 the fingernail 5. no evidence for borrowing 爪
tsume 4.345 the claw 5. no evidence for borrowing 爪
hasami 4.345 the claw 5. no evidence for borrowing 鋏
ashi 4.35 the leg 5. no evidence for borrowing 脚(leg)、足(foot)
momo 4.351 the thigh 5. no evidence for borrowing 腿
fukurahagi 4.352 the calf of the leg 5. no evidence for borrowing 脹脛
komura 4.352 the calf of the leg 5. no evidence for borrowing 腓
hiza 4.36 the knee 5. no evidence for borrowing 膝
ashi 4.37 the foot 5. no evidence for borrowing 脚(leg)、足(foot)
ashikubi 4.371 the ankle 5. no evidence for borrowing 足首
kurubushi 4.371 the ankle 5. no evidence for borrowing 踝
kakato 4.372 the heel 5. no evidence for borrowing 踵
ashiato 4.374 the footprint 5. no evidence for borrowing 足跡
ashiyubi 4.38 the toe 5. no evidence for borrowing 足指
tsubasa 4.392 the wing 5. no evidence for borrowing 翼
hane 4.393 the feather 5. no evidence for borrowing 羽根(plucked feather)、羽(live feather)
mune 4.4 the chest 5. no evidence for borrowing 胸
oppai 4.41 the breast 5. no evidence for borrowing おっぱい
chichi (2) 4.41 the breast 5. no evidence for borrowing 乳
chichikubi 4.412 the nipple or teat 5. no evidence for borrowing 乳首
chibusa 4.42 the udder 5. no evidence for borrowing 乳房
oppai 4.42 the udder 5. no evidence for borrowing おっぱい
heso 4.43 the navel 5. no evidence for borrowing 臍
hara 4.431 the belly 3. perhaps borrowed 腹
kokoro 4.44 the heart 5. no evidence for borrowing 心
shinzō 4.44 the heart 1. clearly borrowed 心臓
haizō 4.441 the lung 1. clearly borrowed 肺臓
kimo 4.45 the liver 5. no evidence for borrowing 肝
kanzō 4.45 the liver 1. clearly borrowed 肝臓
jinzō 4.451 the kidney 1. clearly borrowed 腎臓
hizō 4.452 the spleen 1. clearly borrowed 脾臓
i 4.46 the stomach 1. clearly borrowed 胃
chō (2) 4.461 the intestines or guts 1. clearly borrowed 腸
naizō 4.461 the intestines or guts 2. probably borrowed 内臓
koshi 4.462 the waist 5. no evidence for borrowing 腰
yōbu 4.462 the waist 1. clearly borrowed 腰部
shiri 4.463 the hip 5. no evidence for borrowing 尻
denbu 4.463 the hip 1. clearly borrowed 臀部
shiri 4.464 the buttocks 5. no evidence for borrowing 尻
denbu 4.464 the buttocks 1. clearly borrowed 臀部
ken (1) 4.465 the sinew or tendon 1. clearly borrowed 腱
suji 4.465 the sinew or tendon 5. no evidence for borrowing 筋
shikyū 4.47 the womb 1. clearly borrowed 子宮
kintama 4.49 the testicles 5. no evidence for borrowing 金玉
kōgan 4.49 the testicles 2. probably borrowed 睾丸
dankon 4.492 the penis 1. clearly borrowed 男根
penisu 4.492 the penis 1. clearly borrowed ペニス
< pēnis (Latin )
chinko 4.492 the penis 5. no evidence for borrowing ちんこ
chitsu 4.493 the vagina 1. clearly borrowed 膣
manko 4.493 the vagina 5. no evidence for borrowing まんこ
inmon 4.494 the vulva 1. clearly borrowed 陰門
suu 4.51 to breathe 3. perhaps borrowed 吸う
kokyū 4.51 to breathe 1. clearly borrowed 呼吸
akubi 4.52 to yawn 5. no evidence for borrowing 欠伸
shakkuri 4.521 to hiccough 5. no evidence for borrowing 噦
seki 4.53 to cough 5. no evidence for borrowing 咳をする
kushami 4.54 to sneeze 5. no evidence for borrowing 嚔する
ase o kaku 4.55 to perspire 5. no evidence for borrowing 汗を掻く
hakkan 4.55 to perspire 1. clearly borrowed 発汗
tsuba o haku 4.56 to spit 5. no evidence for borrowing 唾を吐く
haku (1) 4.57 to vomit 5. no evidence for borrowing 吐く
ōto 4.57 to vomit 1. clearly borrowed 嘔吐
kamu 4.58 to bite 5. no evidence for borrowing 噛む、咬む
sasu 4.58 to bite 5. no evidence for borrowing 刺す
nameru 4.59 to lick 3. perhaps borrowed 舐める
yodare o tarasu 4.591 to dribble 5. no evidence for borrowing 涎を垂らす
neru 4.61 to sleep 5. no evidence for borrowing 寝る
nemuru 4.61 to sleep 5. no evidence for borrowing 眠る
ibiki o kaku 4.612 to snore 5. no evidence for borrowing 鼾を掻く
yume o miru 4.62 to dream 5. no evidence for borrowing 夢を見る
me ga sameru 4.63 to wake up 5. no evidence for borrowing 目が覚める
onara 4.64 to fart 5. no evidence for borrowing おなら
hōhi 4.64 to fart 1. clearly borrowed 放屁
shōben 4.65 to piss 1. clearly borrowed 小便
nyō 4.65 to piss 1. clearly borrowed 尿
oshikko 4.65 to piss 5. no evidence for borrowing おしっこ
daiben 4.66 to shit 1. clearly borrowed 大便
kuso 4.66 to shit 5. no evidence for borrowing 糞
unko 4.66 to shit 5. no evidence for borrowing うんこ
sekkusu 4.67 to have sex 1. clearly borrowed セックス
< sexus (Latin )
neru 4.67 to have sex 5. no evidence for borrowing 寝る
miburui 4.68 to shiver 5. no evidence for borrowing 身震い
furueru 4.68 to shiver 5. no evidence for borrowing 震える・振るえる
nyūyoku 4.69 to bathe 3. perhaps borrowed 入浴
furo ni hairu 4.69 to bathe 5. no evidence for borrowing 風呂に入る
mōkeru 4.71 to beget 5. no evidence for borrowing 儲ける; 設ける is used for the sense of “prepare, establish; earn”
umareru 4.72 to be born 5. no evidence for borrowing 生まれる
miomo 4.73 pregnant 5. no evidence for borrowing 身重
ninshin 4.732 to conceive 1. clearly borrowed 妊娠
haramu 4.732 to conceive 5. no evidence for borrowing 孕む
ikiru 4.74 to be alive 5. no evidence for borrowing 生きている
inochi 4.741 the life 5. no evidence for borrowing 命
seimei 4.741 the life 1. clearly borrowed 生命
jinsei 4.741 the life 1. clearly borrowed 人生
seikatsu 4.741 the life 1. clearly borrowed 生活
shinu 4.75 to die 5. no evidence for borrowing 死ぬ
shibō (2) 4.75 to die 1. clearly borrowed 死亡
shinu 4.7501 dead 5. no evidence for borrowing 死ぬ
oboreru 4.751 to drown 5. no evidence for borrowing 溺れる
dekishi 4.751 to drown 1. clearly borrowed 溺死
korosu 4.76 to kill 5. no evidence for borrowing 殺す
shitai 4.77 the corpse 1. clearly borrowed 死体
shitai 4.771 the carcass 1. clearly borrowed 死体
hōmuru 4.78 to bury 5. no evidence for borrowing 葬る
haka 4.79 the grave 2. probably borrowed 墓
tsuyoi 4.81 strong 5. no evidence for borrowing 強い
yowai 4.82 weak 5. no evidence for borrowing 弱い
kenkō 4.83 healthy 1. clearly borrowed 健康
genki 4.83 healthy 1. clearly borrowed 元気
byōki 4.84 sick/ill 2. probably borrowed 病気
netsu 4.841 the fever 1. clearly borrowed 熱
kōjōsenshu 4.842 the goitre/goiter 1. clearly borrowed 甲状腺腫
kaze 4.843 the cold 5. no evidence for borrowing 風 (wind) 風邪(cold). The latter is some sort of ateji.
byōki 4.844 the disease 2. probably borrowed 病気
kizu 4.85 the wound or sore 5. no evidence for borrowing 傷
kega 4.85 the wound or sore 5. no evidence for borrowing 怪我, a case of ateji
uchikizu 4.852 the bruise 5. no evidence for borrowing 打ち傷
aza 4.852 the bruise 5. no evidence for borrowing 痣
kobu 4.853 the swelling 5. no evidence for borrowing 瘤
hare 4.853 the swelling 5. no evidence for borrowing 腫れ
kayumi 4.854 the itch 5. no evidence for borrowing 痒み
kaku 4.8541 to scratch 3. perhaps borrowed 掻く(scratch, stir), 書く(write)
hibukure 4.855 the blister 5. no evidence for borrowing 火脹れ
mizubukure 4.855 the blister 5. no evidence for borrowing 水脹れ
nebuto 4.856 the boil 5. no evidence for borrowing 根太
nōyō 4.856 the boil 3. perhaps borrowed 膿瘍
dekimono 4.856 the boil 5. no evidence for borrowing 出来物
umi (2) 4.857 the pus 5. no evidence for borrowing 膿
kizuato 4.858 the scar 5. no evidence for borrowing 傷跡
naosu 4.86 to cure 5. no evidence for borrowing 治す(cure)、直す(repair or right something in general)
isha 4.87 the physician 3. perhaps borrowed 医者
kusuri 4.88 the medicine 5. no evidence for borrowing 薬
doku 4.89 the poison 1. clearly borrowed 毒
nemui 4.91 tired 5. no evidence for borrowing 眠い
tsukareru 4.91 tired 5. no evidence for borrowing 疲れる
yasumu 4.912 to rest 5. no evidence for borrowing 休む
kyūyō 4.912 to rest 1. clearly borrowed 休養
darui 4.92 lazy 5. no evidence for borrowing 怠い、懈い
taida 4.92 lazy 1. clearly borrowed 怠惰
hageru 4.93 bald 5. no evidence for borrowing 禿る
tokutō 4.93 bald 1. clearly borrowed 禿頭
ashi ga fujiyū da 4.94 lame 5. no evidence for borrowing 足が不自由だ
bikko 4.94 lame 5. no evidence for borrowing 跛
fuzui 4.94 lame 1. clearly borrowed 不随
mimi ga kikoenai 4.95 deaf 5. no evidence for borrowing 耳が聞こえない
tsunbo 4.95 deaf 5. no evidence for borrowing 聾
kuchi ga kikenai 4.96 mute 5. no evidence for borrowing 口が利けない
oshi 4.96 mute 5. no evidence for borrowing 唖
me ga mienai 4.97 blind 5. no evidence for borrowing 目が見えない
mōmoku 4.97 blind 1. clearly borrowed 盲目
mekura 4.97 blind 5. no evidence for borrowing 盲,瞽
you 4.98 drunk 5. no evidence for borrowing 酔った
hadaka 4.99 naked 5. no evidence for borrowing 裸
taberu 5.11 to eat 5. no evidence for borrowing 食べる
tabemono 5.12 the food 5. no evidence for borrowing 食べ物
hi o tōsu 5.121 cooked 5. no evidence for borrowing 火を通す
chōri 5.121 cooked 2. probably borrowed 調理
nama 5.122 raw 5. no evidence for borrowing 生
minoru 5.123 ripe 5. no evidence for borrowing 実る
juku 5.123 ripe 1. clearly borrowed 熟
mijuku 5.124 unripe 1. clearly borrowed 未熟
aoi 5.124 unripe 5. no evidence for borrowing 青い
kusaru 5.125 rotten 5. no evidence for borrowing 腐る
nomu 5.13 to drink 3. perhaps borrowed 飲む
hara ga heru 5.14 to be hungry 5. no evidence for borrowing 腹が減る
kūfuku 5.14 to be hungry 2. probably borrowed 空腹
kikin 5.141 the famine 1. clearly borrowed 飢饉
nodo ga kawaku 5.15 to be thirsty 5. no evidence for borrowing 喉が渇く
suu 5.16 to suck 3. perhaps borrowed 吸う
kamu 5.18 to chew 5. no evidence for borrowing 噛む、咬む
nomu 5.181 to swallow 3. perhaps borrowed 飲む
iki ga tsumaru 5.19 to choke 5. no evidence for borrowing 息が詰まる
chissoku 5.19 to choke 2. probably borrowed 窒息
ryōri 5.21 to cook 1. clearly borrowed 料理
hi o tōsu 5.21 to cook 5. no evidence for borrowing 火を通す
niru (2) 5.21 to cook 5. no evidence for borrowing 煮る
chōri 5.21 to cook 2. probably borrowed 調理
waku 5.22 to boil 5. no evidence for borrowing 沸く
futtō 5.22 to boil 1. clearly borrowed 沸騰
yaku 5.23 to roast or fry 5. no evidence for borrowing 焼く
itameru 5.23 to roast or fry 5. no evidence for borrowing 炒める
aburu 5.23 to roast or fry 5. no evidence for borrowing 炙る・焙る
yaku 5.24 to bake 5. no evidence for borrowing 焼く
ōbun 5.25 the oven 1. clearly borrowed オーブン
renji 5.25 the oven 1. clearly borrowed レンジ
nabe 5.26 the pot 3. perhaps borrowed 鍋
yakan 5.27 the kettle 1. clearly borrowed 薬鑵
nabe 5.28 the pan 3. perhaps borrowed 鍋
furaipan 5.28 the pan 1. clearly borrowed フライパン
sara 5.31 the dish 2. probably borrowed 皿
utsuwa 5.31 the dish 5. no evidence for borrowing 器
sara 5.32 the plate 2. probably borrowed 皿
hachi (2) 5.33 the bowl 2. probably borrowed 鉢
chawan 5.33 the bowl 2. probably borrowed 茶碗
bōru (1) 5.33 the bowl 1. clearly borrowed ボール
donburi 5.33 the bowl 5. no evidence for borrowing 丼
mizusashi 5.34 the jug/pitcher 5. no evidence for borrowing 水差し
kappu 5.35 the cup 1. clearly borrowed カップ
< cupa (Latin )
chawan 5.35 the cup 2. probably borrowed 茶碗
ukezara 5.36 the saucer 5. no evidence for borrowing 受け皿
supūn 5.37 the spoon 1. clearly borrowed スプーン
saji 5.37 the spoon 3. perhaps borrowed 匙
naifu 5.38 the knife(1) 1. clearly borrowed ナイフ
fōku 5.39 the fork 1. clearly borrowed フォーク
< furca (Latin )
tongu 5.391 the tongs 1. clearly borrowed トング
shokuji 5.41 the meal 2. probably borrowed 食事
gohan 5.41 the meal 1. clearly borrowed 御飯
meshi 5.41 the meal 5. no evidence for borrowing 飯
asameshi 5.42 the breakfast 5. no evidence for borrowing 朝飯
chōshoku 5.42 the breakfast 3. perhaps borrowed 朝食
hirumeshi 5.43 the lunch 5. no evidence for borrowing 昼飯
chūshoku 5.43 the lunch 3. perhaps borrowed 昼食
yūmeshi 5.45 the supper 5. no evidence for borrowing 夕飯
yūshoku 5.45 the supper 5. no evidence for borrowing 夕食
bansan 5.45 the supper 1. clearly borrowed 晩餐
muku 5.46 to peel 5. no evidence for borrowing 剥く
furuu 5.47 to sieve or to strain 5. no evidence for borrowing 篩う
kosuru 5.48 to scrape 5. no evidence for borrowing 擦る
kaku 5.49 to stir or to mix 3. perhaps borrowed 掻く(scratch, stir), 書く(write)
mazeru 5.49 to stir or to mix 5. no evidence for borrowing 混ぜる
pan 5.51 the bread 1. clearly borrowed パン
kiji 5.53 the dough 5. no evidence for borrowing 生地
koneru 5.54 to knead 5. no evidence for borrowing 捏ねる
komugiko 5.55 the flour 5. no evidence for borrowing 小麦粉
kudaku 5.56 to crush or to grind 5. no evidence for borrowing 砕く
hiku 5.56 to crush or to grind 5. no evidence for borrowing 引く (pull), 挽く (crush)
hikiusu 5.57 the mill 5. no evidence for borrowing 碾き臼
nyūbachi 5.58 the mortar(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 乳鉢
suribachi 5.58 the mortar(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 擂り鉢
usu 5.58 the mortar(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 臼
nyūbō 5.59 the pestle 2. probably borrowed 乳棒
surikogi 5.59 the pestle 5. no evidence for borrowing 擂り粉木
kine 5.59 the pestle 5. no evidence for borrowing 杵
niku 5.61 the meat 1. clearly borrowed 肉
sōsēji 5.63 the sausage 1. clearly borrowed ソーセージ
sūpu 5.64 the soup 1. clearly borrowed スープ
shiru (2) 5.64 the soup 5. no evidence for borrowing 汁
yasai 5.65 the vegetables 2. probably borrowed 野菜
mame 5.66 the bean 5. no evidence for borrowing 豆
jagaimo 5.7 the potato 5. no evidence for borrowing ジャガイモ・じゃが芋
imo 5.7 the potato 5. no evidence for borrowing 芋
kudamono 5.71 the fruit 5. no evidence for borrowing 果物
furūtsu 5.71 the fruit 1. clearly borrowed フルーツ
< fructus (Latin )
taba 5.712 the bunch 5. no evidence for borrowing 束
ichijiku 5.75 the fig 2. probably borrowed イチジク・無花果・映日果
< anjir (Persian )
budō 5.76 the grape 1. clearly borrowed 葡萄
kinomi 5.77 the nut 5. no evidence for borrowing 木の実
nattsu 5.77 the nut 1. clearly borrowed ナッツ
oriibu 5.78 the olive 1. clearly borrowed オリーブ
< elaion (Greek )
abura 5.79 the oil 5. no evidence for borrowing 油 (”oil”), 脂 (”grease, fat”)
oiru 5.79 the oil 1. clearly borrowed オイル
abura 5.791 the grease or fat 5. no evidence for borrowing 油 (”oil”), 脂 (”grease, fat”)
shibō (1) 5.791 the grease or fat 1. clearly borrowed 脂肪
shio 5.81 the salt 2. probably borrowed 塩 (salt); 潮、汐 (tide)
koshō 5.82 the pepper 1. clearly borrowed 胡椒
tōgarashi 5.821 the chili pepper 5. no evidence for borrowing 唐辛子
mitsu 5.84 the honey 1. clearly borrowed 蜜
satō 5.85 the sugar 1. clearly borrowed 砂糖
miruku 5.86 the milk 1. clearly borrowed ミルク
gyūnyū 5.86 the milk 2. probably borrowed 牛乳
shiboru 5.87 to milk 5. no evidence for borrowing 搾る
chiizu 5.88 the cheese 1. clearly borrowed チーズ
< cāseus (Latin )
batā 5.89 the butter 1. clearly borrowed バター
nomimono 5.9 the drink 5. no evidence for borrowing 飲み物
miido 5.91 the mead 1. clearly borrowed ミード
sake 5.92 the wine 5. no evidence for borrowing 酒
wain 5.92 the wine 1. clearly borrowed ワイン
< vīnum (Latin )
budōshu 5.92 the wine 1. clearly borrowed 葡萄酒
biiru 5.93 the beer 1. clearly borrowed ビール
bier (Dutch )
< bibere (Latin )
hakkōinryō 5.94 the fermented drink 2. probably borrowed 発酵飲料
tamago 5.97 the egg 5. no evidence for borrowing 卵
kimi (2) 5.971 the yolk 5. no evidence for borrowing 黄身 (could be ateji)
kyassaba 5.983 the manioc bread 1. clearly borrowed キャッサバ
< casavi (Taino )
kiru (1) 6.11 to put on 5. no evidence for borrowing 着る
fuku (1) 6.12 the clothing or clothes 1. clearly borrowed 服
shitateya 6.13 the tailor 5. no evidence for borrowing 仕立屋
nuno 6.21 the cloth 5. no evidence for borrowing 布
orimono 6.21 the cloth 5. no evidence for borrowing 織物
ūru 6.22 the wool 1. clearly borrowed ウール
keito 6.22 the wool 5. no evidence for borrowing 毛糸
yōmō 6.22 the wool 1. clearly borrowed 羊毛
rinneru 6.23 the linen 1. clearly borrowed リンネル
momen 6.24 the cotton 1. clearly borrowed 木綿
kinu 6.25 the silk 2. probably borrowed 絹
shiruku 6.25 the silk 1. clearly borrowed シルク
feruto 6.27 the felt 1. clearly borrowed フェルト
kegawa 6.28 the fur 5. no evidence for borrowing 毛皮
kawa (2) 6.29 the leather 5. no evidence for borrowing 皮
hikaku 6.29 the leather 2. probably borrowed 皮革
tsumugu 6.31 to spin 5. no evidence for borrowing 紡ぐ
tsumu 6.32 the spindle 5. no evidence for borrowing 錘
bōsui 6.32 the spindle 1. clearly borrowed 紡錘
oru 6.33 to weave 5. no evidence for borrowing 織る
hata 6.34 the loom 5. no evidence for borrowing 機
oriki 6.34 the loom 5. no evidence for borrowing 織機
nuu 6.35 to sew 5. no evidence for borrowing 縫う
hari (1) 6.36 the needle(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 針
kiri (2) 6.37 the awl 5. no evidence for borrowing 錐
ito (1) 6.38 the thread 5. no evidence for borrowing 糸
someru 6.39 to dye 5. no evidence for borrowing 染める
manto 6.41 the cloak 1. clearly borrowed マント
poncho 6.411 the poncho 1. clearly borrowed ポンチョ
doresu 6.42 the (woman's) dress 5. no evidence for borrowing ドレス
uwagi 6.43 the coat 5. no evidence for borrowing 上着
kōto 6.43 the coat 1. clearly borrowed コート
shatsu 6.44 the shirt 1. clearly borrowed シャツ
eri 6.45 the collar 5. no evidence for borrowing 襟
sukāto 6.46 the skirt 1. clearly borrowed スカート
koshimino-sukāto 6.461 the grass-skirt 5. no evidence for borrowing 腰蓑スカート
zubon 6.48 the trousers 1. clearly borrowed ズボン
surakkusu 6.48 the trousers 1. clearly borrowed スラックス
kutsushita 6.49 the sock or stocking 5. no evidence for borrowing 靴下
sokkusu 6.49 the sock or stocking 1. clearly borrowed ソックス
sutokkingu 6.49 the sock or stocking 1. clearly borrowed ストッキング
kutsu 6.51 the shoe 5. no evidence for borrowing 靴
nagagutsu 6.52 the boot 5. no evidence for borrowing 長靴
būtsu 6.52 the boot 1. clearly borrowed ブーツ
kutsuya 6.54 the shoemaker 5. no evidence for borrowing 靴屋
bōshi 6.55 the hat or cap 1. clearly borrowed 帽子
beruto 6.57 the belt 1. clearly borrowed ベルト
< balteus (Latin )
obi 6.57 the belt 5. no evidence for borrowing 帯
tebukuro 6.58 the glove 5. no evidence for borrowing 手袋
bēru 6.59 the veil 1. clearly borrowed ベール
< vēlum (Latin )
poketto 6.61 the pocket 1. clearly borrowed ポケット
futokoro 6.61 the pocket 5. no evidence for borrowing 懐
botan 6.62 the button 1. clearly borrowed ボタン, 鈕, 釦
pin 6.63 the pin 1. clearly borrowed ピン
< pinna (Latin )
akusesarii 6.71 the ornament or adornment 1. clearly borrowed アクセサリー
kazarimono 6.71 the ornament or adornment 5. no evidence for borrowing 飾り物
hōseki 6.72 the jewel 1. clearly borrowed 宝石
yubiwa 6.73 the ring 5. no evidence for borrowing 指輪
udewa 6.74 the bracelet 5. no evidence for borrowing 腕輪
nekkuresu 6.75 the necklace 1. clearly borrowed ネックレス
kubikazari 6.75 the necklace 5. no evidence for borrowing 首飾り
juzudama 6.76 the bead 5. no evidence for borrowing 数珠球
biizu 6.76 the bead 1. clearly borrowed ビーズ
iyaringu 6.77 the earring 1. clearly borrowed イヤリング
mimiwa 6.77 the earring 5. no evidence for borrowing 耳輪
hachimaki 6.78 the headband or headdress 5. no evidence for borrowing 鉢巻
irezumi 6.79 the tattoo 5. no evidence for borrowing 刺青
hankachi 6.81 the handkerchief or rag 1. clearly borrowed ハンカチ
borokire 6.81 the handkerchief or rag 5. no evidence for borrowing 襤褸切
taoru 6.82 the towel 1. clearly borrowed タオル
kushi 6.91 the comb 5. no evidence for borrowing 櫛(comb), 串(skewer)
burashi 6.92 the brush 1. clearly borrowed ブラシ、刷子
hake 6.92 the brush 5. no evidence for borrowing 刷毛
mitsuami 6.921 the plait/braid 5. no evidence for borrowing 三つ編み
osagekami 6.921 the plait/braid 5. no evidence for borrowing お下げ髪
kamisori 6.93 the razor 5. no evidence for borrowing 剃刀
nankō 6.94 the ointment 1. clearly borrowed 軟膏
sekken 6.95 the soap 4. very little evidence for borrowing 石鹸
kagami 6.96 the mirror 5. no evidence for borrowing 鏡
yukigutsu 6.98 the snowshoe 5. no evidence for borrowing 雪靴
kanjiki 6.98 the snowshoe 5. no evidence for borrowing 橇
sumu 7.11 to live 5. no evidence for borrowing 住む
kurasu 7.11 to live 5. no evidence for borrowing 暮す
ie 7.12 the house 2. probably borrowed 家
koya 7.13 the hut 5. no evidence for borrowing 小屋
azumaya 7.131 the garden-house 5. no evidence for borrowing 東屋
tento 7.14 the tent 1. clearly borrowed テント
< tentum? (Latin )
niwa 7.15 the yard or court 5. no evidence for borrowing 庭
suijijō 7.17 the cookhouse 2. probably borrowed 炊事場
kaidō 7.18 the meeting house 1. clearly borrowed 会堂
heya 7.21 the room 5. no evidence for borrowing 部屋 (probably ateji)
doa 7.22 the door or gate 1. clearly borrowed ドア
tobira 7.22 the door or gate 5. no evidence for borrowing 扉
gawabashira 7.221 the doorpost 5. no evidence for borrowing 側柱
rokku 7.23 the lock 1. clearly borrowed ロック
jō 7.23 the lock 1. clearly borrowed 錠
kakegane 7.231 the latch or door-bolt 5. no evidence for borrowing 掛け金
nankinjō 7.232 the padlock 5. no evidence for borrowing 南京錠
kagi 7.24 the key 5. no evidence for borrowing 鍵 (”key”), 鉤 (”hook”)
mado 7.25 the window 5. no evidence for borrowing 窓
yuka 7.26 the floor 3. perhaps borrowed 床
kabe 7.27 the wall 5. no evidence for borrowing 壁
danro 7.31 the fireplace 1. clearly borrowed 暖炉 (originally 煖炉)
sutōbu 7.32 the stove 1. clearly borrowed ストーブ
entotsu 7.33 the chimney 3. perhaps borrowed 煙突
hashigo 7.37 the ladder 5. no evidence for borrowing 梯子
beddo 7.42 the bed 1. clearly borrowed ベッド
toko 7.42 the bed 5. no evidence for borrowing 床
shindai 7.42 the bed 2. probably borrowed 寝台
makura 7.421 the pillow 5. no evidence for borrowing 枕
mōfu 7.422 the blanket 3. perhaps borrowed 毛布
isu 7.43 the chair 1. clearly borrowed 椅子, older variant　倚子
tēburu 7.44 the table 1. clearly borrowed テーブル
< tabula (Latin )
taku 7.44 the table 2. probably borrowed 卓
tsukue 7.44 the table 5. no evidence for borrowing 机
akari 7.45 the lamp or torch 5. no evidence for borrowing 灯り
rampu 7.45 the lamp or torch 1. clearly borrowed ランプ
lamp (Dutch )
< lampas (Greek )
dentō 7.45 the lamp or torch 2. probably borrowed 電灯・電燈
rōsoku 7.46 the candle 1. clearly borrowed 蝋燭
tana 7.47 the shelf 3. perhaps borrowed 棚
kaibaoke 7.48 the trough 5. no evidence for borrowing 飼葉桶
mizuire 7.48 the trough 5. no evidence for borrowing 水入れ
yane 7.51 the roof 5. no evidence for borrowing 屋根
yanefuki 7.52 the thatch 5. no evidence for borrowing 屋根葺き
warabuki 7.52 the thatch 5. no evidence for borrowing 藁葺き
munagi 7.53 the ridgepole 5. no evidence for borrowing 棟木
taruki 7.54 the rafter 5. no evidence for borrowing 垂木
hari (2) 7.55 the beam 5. no evidence for borrowing 梁
hashira 7.56 the post or pole 5. no evidence for borrowing 柱
sao 7.56 the post or pole 5. no evidence for borrowing 竿
kui 7.56 the post or pole 5. no evidence for borrowing 杭/杙/株
ita 7.57 the board 5. no evidence for borrowing 板
āchi 7.58 the arch 1. clearly borrowed アーチ
< arcus (Latin )
serimochi 7.58 the arch 5. no evidence for borrowing 迫持
sekkō 7.61 the mason 1. clearly borrowed 石工
renga 7.62 the brick 4. very little evidence for borrowing 煉瓦
morutaru 7.63 the mortar(2) 1. clearly borrowed モルタル
shikkui 7.63 the mortar(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 漆喰, a case of ateji. Originally it was石灰.
hiboshirenga 7.64 the adobe 5. no evidence for borrowing 日干し煉瓦
adōbirenga 7.64 the adobe 5. no evidence for borrowing アドービ煉瓦
yaei 7.65 the camp 1. clearly borrowed 野営
kyanpu 7.65 the camp 1. clearly borrowed キャンプ
< campus (Latin )
hanmokku 7.66 the hammock 1. clearly borrowed ハンモック
< hamaka (Taino )
namesu 7.67 to tan 5. no evidence for borrowing 鞣す
nōmin 8.11 the farmer 1. clearly borrowed 農民
hyakushō 8.11 the farmer 1. clearly borrowed 百姓
hatake 8.12 the field 5. no evidence for borrowing 畑
ta 8.121 the paddy 2. probably borrowed 田
niwa 8.13 the garden 5. no evidence for borrowing 庭
tagayasu 8.15 to cultivate 5. no evidence for borrowing 耕す
hei 8.16 the fence 4. very little evidence for borrowing 塀
kakoi 8.16 the fence 5. no evidence for borrowing 囲い
saku (1) 8.16 the fence 1. clearly borrowed 柵
mizo 8.17 the ditch 5. no evidence for borrowing 溝
hori 8.17 the ditch 5. no evidence for borrowing 堀
suku 8.21 to plough/plow 5. no evidence for borrowing 鋤く
tagayasu 8.21 to plough/plow 5. no evidence for borrowing 耕す
mizo 8.212 the furrow 5. no evidence for borrowing 溝
horu 8.22 to dig 5. no evidence for borrowing 掘る (”dig”), 彫る (”carve”)
fumiguwa 8.23 the spade 5. no evidence for borrowing 踏み鍬
shaberu 8.24 the shovel 1. clearly borrowed シャベル
kuwa 8.25 the hoe 5. no evidence for borrowing 鍬
suki 8.25 the hoe 5. no evidence for borrowing 鋤
mataguwa 8.26 the fork(2)/pitchfork 5. no evidence for borrowing 股鍬
kumade 8.27 the rake 5. no evidence for borrowing 熊手
horibō 8.28 the digging stick (=yamstick) 5. no evidence for borrowing 掘り棒
nagenawa 8.29 the lasso 5. no evidence for borrowing 投げ縄
maku 8.31 to sow 5. no evidence for borrowing 蒔く
tane 8.311 the seed 5. no evidence for borrowing 種
shushi 8.311 the seed 1. clearly borrowed 種子
karu (1) 8.32 to mow 5. no evidence for borrowing 刈る
kama 8.33 the sickle or scythe 2. probably borrowed 鎌
koku 8.34 to thresh 5. no evidence for borrowing 扱く
dakkoku 8.34 to thresh 4. very little evidence for borrowing 脱穀
dakkokujō 8.35 the threshing-floor 4. very little evidence for borrowing 脱穀場
toriire 8.41 the harvest 5. no evidence for borrowing 取り入れ
shūkaku 8.41 the harvest 1. clearly borrowed 収穫
kokumotsu 8.42 the grain 1. clearly borrowed 穀物
mugi 8.43 the wheat 2. probably borrowed 麦
komugi 8.43 the wheat 5. no evidence for borrowing 小麦
mugi 8.44 the barley 2. probably borrowed 麦
ōmugi 8.44 the barley 5. no evidence for borrowing 大麦
mugi 8.45 the rye 2. probably borrowed 麦
raimugi 8.45 the rye 5. no evidence for borrowing ライ麦
mugi 8.46 the oats 2. probably borrowed 麦
ōtomugi 8.46 the oats 5. no evidence for borrowing オート麦
enbaku 8.46 the oats 1. clearly borrowed 燕麦
tōmorokoshi 8.47 the maize/corn 5. no evidence for borrowing 玉蜀黍
gohan 8.48 the rice 1. clearly borrowed 御飯
raisu 8.48 the rice 1. clearly borrowed ライス
kusa 8.51 the grass 5. no evidence for borrowing 草
hoshikusa 8.52 the hay 5. no evidence for borrowing 干草
shokubutsu 8.53 the plant 1. clearly borrowed 植物
haeru 8.531 to plant 5. no evidence for borrowing 植える
ne 8.54 the root 5. no evidence for borrowing 根
eda 8.55 the branch 5. no evidence for borrowing 枝
ha (2) 8.56 the leaf 5. no evidence for borrowing 葉
hana (2) 8.57 the flower 3. perhaps borrowed 花
ki (1) 8.6 the tree 5. no evidence for borrowing 木
ōku 8.61 the oak 1. clearly borrowed オーク
kashiwa 8.61 the oak 5. no evidence for borrowing 柏
kashi (2) 8.61 the oak 5. no evidence for borrowing 樫
nara 8.61 the oak 5. no evidence for borrowing 楢
buna 8.62 the beech 5. no evidence for borrowing 橅
kaba 8.63 the birch 5. no evidence for borrowing 樺
matsu 8.64 the pine 5. no evidence for borrowing 松
momi 8.65 the fir 5. no evidence for borrowing 樅
donguri 8.66 the acorn 5. no evidence for borrowing 団栗
budō no ki 8.67 the vine 5. no evidence for borrowing 葡萄の木
tabako 8.68 the tobacco 1. clearly borrowed タバコ, kanji used were　煙草,烟草、莨
suu 8.69 to smoke 3. perhaps borrowed 吸う
kitsuen 8.69 to smoke 1. clearly borrowed 喫煙
paipu 8.691 the pipe 1. clearly borrowed パイプ
< pipare (Latin )
kirikabu 8.72 the tree stump 5. no evidence for borrowing 切り株
miki 8.73 the tree trunk 5. no evidence for borrowing 幹
juhi 8.75 the bark 1. clearly borrowed 樹皮
jueki 8.76 the sap 1. clearly borrowed 樹液
yashi 8.81 the palm tree 5. no evidence for borrowing 椰子
kokonattsu 8.82 the coconut 1. clearly borrowed ココナッツ
kankitsurui 8.83 the citrus fruit 1. clearly borrowed 柑橘
banana 8.84 the banana 1. clearly borrowed バナナ　（obsolete kanji 実芭蕉）
gajumaru 8.85 the banyan 2. probably borrowed ガジュマル・
satsumaimo 8.91 the sweet potato 5. no evidence for borrowing サツマイモ・薩摩芋
imo 8.91 the sweet potato 5. no evidence for borrowing 芋
awa (2) 8.911 the millet or sorghum 5. no evidence for borrowing 粟
kibi 8.911 the millet or sorghum 5. no evidence for borrowing 黍
morokoshi 8.911 the millet or sorghum 5. no evidence for borrowing モロコシ・蜀黍・唐黍
yamuimo 8.912 the yam 5. no evidence for borrowing ヤムイモ・ヤム芋
yamaimo 8.912 the yam 5. no evidence for borrowing 山芋
kyassaba 8.92 the cassava/manioc 1. clearly borrowed キャッサバ
< casavi (Taino )
hyōtan 8.93 the gourd 1. clearly borrowed 瓢箪
kabocha 8.931 the pumpkin or squash 1. clearly borrowed カボチャ・南瓜
take 8.94 the bamboo 3. perhaps borrowed 竹
satōkibi 8.941 the sugar cane 5. no evidence for borrowing サトウキビ・砂糖黍
irakusa 8.97 the nettle 5. no evidence for borrowing 刺草・蕁麻
kinoko 8.98 the mushroom 5. no evidence for borrowing 茸
karamatsu 8.991 the larch 5. no evidence for borrowing 唐松
shin’yō (1) 8.993 the needle(2) 2. probably borrowed 針葉
matsukasa 8.996 the cone 5. no evidence for borrowing 松毬・松傘・松笠
suru 9.11 to do 5. no evidence for borrowing する
yaru 9.11 to do 5. no evidence for borrowing やる
tsukuru 9.111 to make 5. no evidence for borrowing 作る
shigoto 9.12 the work 5. no evidence for borrowing 仕事
mageru 9.14 to bend 5. no evidence for borrowing 曲げる
oritatamu 9.15 to fold 5. no evidence for borrowing 折り畳む
shibaru 9.16 to tie 5. no evidence for borrowing 縛る
musubu 9.16 to tie 5. no evidence for borrowing 結ぶ
toku 9.161 to untie 5. no evidence for borrowing 解く
hodoku 9.161 to untie 5. no evidence for borrowing 解く
kusari 9.18 the chain 5. no evidence for borrowing 鎖
nawa 9.19 the rope 5. no evidence for borrowing 縄
tsuna 9.19 the rope 5. no evidence for borrowing 綱
rōpu 9.19 the rope 1. clearly borrowed ロープ
musubime 9.192 the knot 5. no evidence for borrowing 結び目
utsu 9.21 to strike or hit or beat 5. no evidence for borrowing 打つ (”hit”), 撃つ (”shoot”)
tataku 9.21 to strike or hit or beat 5. no evidence for borrowing 叩く・敲く
naguru 9.211 to pound 5. no evidence for borrowing 殴る
butsu 9.211 to pound 5. no evidence for borrowing 打つ
kiru (2) 9.22 to cut 5. no evidence for borrowing 切る
setsudan 9.22 to cut 1. clearly borrowed 切断
kiritaosu 9.221 to cut down 5. no evidence for borrowing 切り倒す
bassai 9.221 to cut down 3. perhaps borrowed 伐採
kizamu 9.222 to chop 5. no evidence for borrowing 刻む
sasu 9.223 to stab 5. no evidence for borrowing 刺す
hōchō 9.23 the knife(2) 1. clearly borrowed 包丁・庖丁
naifu 9.23 the knife(2) 1. clearly borrowed ナイフ
hasami 9.24 the scissors or shears 5. no evidence for borrowing 鋏
ono 9.25 the axe/ax 5. no evidence for borrowing 斧
chōna 9.251 the adze 5. no evidence for borrowing 手斧
teono 9.251 the adze 5. no evidence for borrowing 手斧
kowasu 9.26 to break 5. no evidence for borrowing 壊す
kowareru 9.261 broken 5. no evidence for borrowing 壊れる
waru 9.27 to split 5. no evidence for borrowing 割る
bunretsu 9.27 to split 1. clearly borrowed 分裂
saku (2) 9.27 to split 3. perhaps borrowed 割く (split up),　裂く (tear up)
yaburu 9.28 to tear 5. no evidence for borrowing 破る
saku (2) 9.28 to tear 3. perhaps borrowed 割く (split up),　裂く (tear up)
kawa o muku 9.29 to skin 5. no evidence for borrowing 皮を剥く
dappi 9.29 to skin 3. perhaps borrowed 脱皮
kawa o hagu 9.29 to skin 5. no evidence for borrowing 皮を剥ぐ
kosuru 9.31 to rub 5. no evidence for borrowing 擦る
fuku (3) 9.311 to wipe 5. no evidence for borrowing 拭く
nobasu 9.32 to stretch 5. no evidence for borrowing 伸ばす
hipparu 9.32 to stretch 5. no evidence for borrowing 引っ張る
hipparu 9.33 to pull 5. no evidence for borrowing 引っ張る
hiku 9.33 to pull 5. no evidence for borrowing 引く (pull), 挽く (crush)
hirogeru 9.34 to spread out 5. no evidence for borrowing 広げる
kakeru 9.341 to hang up 5. no evidence for borrowing 掛ける
osu (2) 9.342 to press 5. no evidence for borrowing 押す
shiboru 9.343 to squeeze 5. no evidence for borrowing 搾る
sosogu 9.35 to pour 5. no evidence for borrowing 注ぐ
arau 9.36 to wash 5. no evidence for borrowing 洗う
sentaku (1) 9.36 to wash 1. clearly borrowed 洗濯
haku (2) 9.37 to sweep 5. no evidence for borrowing 掃く
sōji 9.37 to sweep 1. clearly borrowed 掃除
hōki 9.38 the broom 5. no evidence for borrowing 箒-帚
dōgu 9.422 the tool 1. clearly borrowed 道具
kōgu 9.422 the tool 1. clearly borrowed 工具
daiku 9.43 the carpenter 1. clearly borrowed 大工
kizuku 9.44 to build 5. no evidence for borrowing 築く
tateru 9.44 to build 5. no evidence for borrowing 建てる
kenchiku 9.44 to build 1. clearly borrowed 建築
ana o akeru 9.46 to bore 5. no evidence for borrowing 穴を開ける
kurinuku 9.461 to hollow out 5. no evidence for borrowing 刳り抜く
eguru 9.461 to hollow out 5. no evidence for borrowing 抉る
nokogiri 9.48 the saw 5. no evidence for borrowing 鋸
tsuchi (2) 9.49 the hammer 5. no evidence for borrowing 鎚
hanmā 9.49 the hammer 1. clearly borrowed ハンマー
kugi 9.5 the nail 5. no evidence for borrowing 釘
nori 9.56 the glue 5. no evidence for borrowing 糊
setchakuzai 9.56 the glue 4. very little evidence for borrowing 接着剤
nikawa 9.56 the glue 5. no evidence for borrowing 膠
kajiya 9.6 the blacksmith 5. no evidence for borrowing 鍛冶屋 (first two characters ateji)
kitaeru 9.61 to forge 5. no evidence for borrowing 鍛える
kanatoko 9.62 the anvil 5. no evidence for borrowing 金床
chūzō 9.63 to cast 1. clearly borrowed 鋳造
kin 9.64 the gold 1. clearly borrowed 金
ōgon 9.64 the gold 1. clearly borrowed 黄金
gin 9.65 the silver 1. clearly borrowed 銀
dō (1) 9.66 the copper 1. clearly borrowed 銅
tetsu 9.67 the iron 1. clearly borrowed 鉄
namari 9.68 the lead 5. no evidence for borrowing 鉛
suzu 9.69 the tin or tinplate 5. no evidence for borrowing 錫
buriki 9.69 the tin or tinplate 1. clearly borrowed ブリキ, formerly used ateji 錻力, formerly used kanji 鉄葉
blik (Dutch )
tōkō 9.71 the potter 1. clearly borrowed 陶工
katachidukuru 9.72 to mould/mold 5. no evidence for borrowing 形作る
nendo 9.73 the clay 1. clearly borrowed 粘土
tsuchi (1) 9.73 the clay 5. no evidence for borrowing 土
garasu 9.74 the glass 1. clearly borrowed ガラス　（硝子）
glas (Dutch )
amu 9.75 to weave or plait/braid 5. no evidence for borrowing 編む
kago 9.76 the basket 5. no evidence for borrowing 籠
mushiro 9.77 the mat 5. no evidence for borrowing 筵
matto 9.77 the mat 1. clearly borrowed マット
tatami 9.77 the mat 5. no evidence for borrowing 畳
jūtan 9.771 the rug 1. clearly borrowed 絨毯
kāpetto 9.771 the rug 1. clearly borrowed カーペット
nettobaggu 9.78 the netbag 1. clearly borrowed ネットバッグ
uchiwa 9.79 the fan 5. no evidence for borrowing 団扇
ōgi 9.79 the fan 5. no evidence for borrowing 扇
sensu 9.79 the fan 1. clearly borrowed 扇子
aogu 9.791 to fan 5. no evidence for borrowing 扇ぐ･煽ぐ
horu 9.81 to carve 5. no evidence for borrowing 掘る (”dig”), 彫る (”carve”)
chōkoku 9.81 to carve 1. clearly borrowed 彫刻
kizamu 9.81 to carve 5. no evidence for borrowing 刻む
chōkokuka 9.82 the sculptor 1. clearly borrowed 彫刻家
zō 9.83 the statue 1. clearly borrowed 象 (elephant), 像 (statue)
nomi (2) 9.84 the chisel 5. no evidence for borrowing 鑿
chōkokutō 9.84 the chisel 1. clearly borrowed 彫刻刀
būmeran 9.87 the boomerang 1. clearly borrowed ブーメラン
penki 9.88 the paint 1. clearly borrowed ペンキ
pek (Dutch )
enogu 9.88 the paint 5. no evidence for borrowing 絵具
nuru 9.89 to paint 5. no evidence for borrowing 塗る
kumu 9.9 to draw water 5. no evidence for borrowing 汲む
kui 9.91 the peg 5. no evidence for borrowing 杭/杙/株
sen (3) 9.91 the peg 1. clearly borrowed 栓
kugi 9.91 the peg 5. no evidence for borrowing 釘
tanpurain 9.92 the tumpline 1. clearly borrowed タンプライン
toishi 9.93 the whetstone 5. no evidence for borrowing 砥石
ugokasu 10.11 to move 5. no evidence for borrowing 動かす
mukeru 10.12 to turn 5. no evidence for borrowing 向ける
furimuku 10.13 to turn around 5. no evidence for borrowing 振り向く
tsutsumu 10.14 to wrap 5. no evidence for borrowing 包む
korogasu 10.15 to roll 5. no evidence for borrowing 転がす
otosu 10.16 to drop 5. no evidence for borrowing 落す
yoru (1) 10.17 to twist 5. no evidence for borrowing 縒る
nejiru 10.17 to twist 5. no evidence for borrowing 捻る・捩る
okiru 10.21 to rise 5. no evidence for borrowing 起きる
tachiagaru 10.21 to rise 5. no evidence for borrowing 立ち上がる
hi ga deru 10.21 to rise 5. no evidence for borrowing 日が出る
mochiageru 10.22 to raise or lift 5. no evidence for borrowing 持ち上げる
ochiru 10.23 to fall 5. no evidence for borrowing 落ちる
potopoto ochiru 10.24 to drip 5. no evidence for borrowing ポトポト落ちる
nageru 10.25 to throw 5. no evidence for borrowing 投げる
tsukamaeru 10.252 to catch 5. no evidence for borrowing 捕まえる
toraeru 10.252 to catch 5. no evidence for borrowing 捕らえる
furu 10.26 to shake 3. perhaps borrowed 振る
nagareru 10.32 to flow 5. no evidence for borrowing 流れる
shizumu 10.33 to sink 5. no evidence for borrowing 沈む
uku 10.34 to float 5. no evidence for borrowing 浮く
oyogu 10.35 to swim 5. no evidence for borrowing 泳ぐ
moguru 10.351 to dive 5. no evidence for borrowing 潜る
daibingu 10.351 to dive 1. clearly borrowed ダイビング
haneru 10.352 to splash 5. no evidence for borrowing 跳ねる
shibuki o tobasu 10.352 to splash 5. no evidence for borrowing 飛沫を飛ばす
hansō 10.36 to sail 3. perhaps borrowed 帆走
kōkō 10.36 to sail 1. clearly borrowed 航行
tobu 10.37 to fly 5. no evidence for borrowing 飛ぶ (”fly”), 跳ぶ (”jump”)
fuku (2) 10.38 to blow 5. no evidence for borrowing 吹く
hau 10.41 to crawl 5. no evidence for borrowing 這う
hizamazuku 10.412 to kneel 5. no evidence for borrowing 跪く
shagamu 10.413 to crouch 5. no evidence for borrowing しゃがむ
suberu 10.42 to slide or slip 5. no evidence for borrowing 滑る
haneru 10.43 to jump 5. no evidence for borrowing 跳ねる
tobu 10.43 to jump 5. no evidence for borrowing 飛ぶ (”fly”), 跳ぶ (”jump”)
keru 10.431 to kick 5. no evidence for borrowing 蹴る
odoru 10.44 to dance 5. no evidence for borrowing 踊る
aruku 10.45 to walk 5. no evidence for borrowing 歩く
ashi o hikizuru 10.451 to limp 5. no evidence for borrowing 足を引き摺る
hakō 10.451 to limp 1. clearly borrowed 跛行
bikko o hiku 10.451 to limp 5. no evidence for borrowing 跛を引く
hashiru 10.46 to run 5. no evidence for borrowing 走る
iku 10.47 to go 5. no evidence for borrowing 行く
agaru 10.471 to go up 5. no evidence for borrowing 上がる
noboru 10.471 to go up 5. no evidence for borrowing 上る (go up in general) 登る (climb)　昇る(rise)
noboru 10.472 to climb 5. no evidence for borrowing 上る (go up in general) 登る (climb)　昇る(rise)
oriru 10.473 to go down 5. no evidence for borrowing 降りる・下りる
deru 10.474 to go out 5. no evidence for borrowing 出る
kuru 10.48 to come 5. no evidence for borrowing 来る
kaeru (2) 10.481 to come back 5. no evidence for borrowing 返る (”return”)・帰る (”return, go home”)
modoru 10.481 to come back 5. no evidence for borrowing 戻る
saru (2) 10.49 to leave 5. no evidence for borrowing 去る
shuppatsu 10.49 to leave 1. clearly borrowed 出発
kieru 10.491 to disappear 5. no evidence for borrowing 消える
nigeru 10.51 to flee 5. no evidence for borrowing 逃げる
tsuku (1) 10.52 to follow 5. no evidence for borrowing 着く
tadoru 10.52 to follow 5. no evidence for borrowing 辿る
shitagau 10.52 to follow 5. no evidence for borrowing 従う
kōzoku 10.52 to follow 1. clearly borrowed 後続
ou 10.53 to pursue 5. no evidence for borrowing 追う
tsuiseki 10.53 to pursue 3. perhaps borrowed 追跡
tsuku (1) 10.55 to arrive 5. no evidence for borrowing 着く
tōchaku 10.55 to arrive 3. perhaps borrowed 到着
chikayoru 10.56 to approach 5. no evidence for borrowing 近寄る
sekkin 10.56 to approach 1. clearly borrowed 接近
hairu 10.57 to enter 5. no evidence for borrowing 入る
kaeru (2) 10.58 to go or return home 5. no evidence for borrowing 返る (”return”)・帰る (”return, go home”)
hakobu 10.61 to carry 5. no evidence for borrowing 運ぶ
motsu 10.612 to carry in hand 5. no evidence for borrowing 持つ
katsugu 10.613 to carry on shoulder 5. no evidence for borrowing 担ぐ
kaburu 10.614 to carry on head 5. no evidence for borrowing 被る
daku 10.615 to carry under the arm 3. perhaps borrowed 抱く
kakaeru 10.615 to carry under the arm 5. no evidence for borrowing 抱える
motsu 10.62 to bring 5. no evidence for borrowing 持つ
okuru 10.63 to send 5. no evidence for borrowing 送る
michibiku 10.64 to lead 5. no evidence for borrowing 導く
annai 10.64 to lead 3. perhaps borrowed 案内
unten 10.65 to drive 1. clearly borrowed 運転
noru 10.66 to ride 5. no evidence for borrowing 乗る
jōba 10.66 to ride 1. clearly borrowed 乗馬
osu (2) 10.67 to push 5. no evidence for borrowing 押す
tsuku (2) 10.67 to push 5. no evidence for borrowing 突く
michi 10.71 the road 5. no evidence for borrowing 道
dōro 10.71 the road 1. clearly borrowed 道路
michi 10.72 the path 5. no evidence for borrowing 道
roji 10.72 the path 3. perhaps borrowed 路地/露地
hashi (1) 10.74 the bridge 3. perhaps borrowed 橋
kuruma 10.75 the cart or wagon 5. no evidence for borrowing 車
nibasha 10.75 the cart or wagon 5. no evidence for borrowing 荷馬車
wa 10.76 the wheel 5. no evidence for borrowing 輪
sharin 10.76 the wheel 1. clearly borrowed 車輪
jiku 10.77 the axle 1. clearly borrowed 軸
kubiki 10.78 the yoke 5. no evidence for borrowing 軛・頸木・衡
sori 10.79 the sledge/sled 5. no evidence for borrowing 橇
fune 10.81 the ship 2. probably borrowed 船 (”ship”), 舟 (”boat”)
fune 10.83 the boat 2. probably borrowed 船 (”ship”), 舟 (”boat”)
bōto 10.83 the boat 1. clearly borrowed ボート
kanū 10.831 the canoe 1. clearly borrowed カヌー
< canaoua (Carib )
autoriggā 10.832 the outrigger 1. clearly borrowed アウトリッガー
ikada 10.84 the raft 5. no evidence for borrowing 筏
kai (2) 10.85 the oar 5. no evidence for borrowing 櫂
ro 10.85 the oar 1. clearly borrowed 櫓・艪
ōru 10.85 the oar 1. clearly borrowed オール
kai (2) 10.851 the paddle 5. no evidence for borrowing 櫂
padoru 10.851 the paddle 1. clearly borrowed パドル
kogu 10.852 to row 5. no evidence for borrowing 漕ぐ
kaji 10.86 the rudder 5. no evidence for borrowing 舵
hobashira 10.87 the mast 5. no evidence for borrowing 帆柱
masuto 10.87 the mast 1. clearly borrowed マスト
ho 10.88 the sail 5. no evidence for borrowing 帆
ikari (1) 10.89 the anchor 5. no evidence for borrowing 錨
minato 10.91 the port 5. no evidence for borrowing 港
jōriku 10.92 to land 3. perhaps borrowed 上陸
chakuriku 10.92 to land 1. clearly borrowed 着陸
motsu 11.11 to have 5. no evidence for borrowing 持つ
aru 11.11 to have 5. no evidence for borrowing ある
shoyū 11.12 to own 1. clearly borrowed 所有
toru 11.13 to take 5. no evidence for borrowing 取る・採る
tsukamu 11.14 to grasp 5. no evidence for borrowing 掴む
nigiru 11.14 to grasp 5. no evidence for borrowing 握る
motsu 11.15 to hold 5. no evidence for borrowing 持つ
toru 11.15 to hold 5. no evidence for borrowing 取る・採る
morau 11.16 to get 5. no evidence for borrowing 貰う
eru 11.16 to get 5. no evidence for borrowing 得る
tamotsu 11.17 to keep 5. no evidence for borrowing 保つ
azukaru 11.17 to keep 5. no evidence for borrowing 預かる
hoyū 11.17 to keep 1. clearly borrowed 保有
mono 11.18 the thing 5. no evidence for borrowing 物
ataeru 11.21 to give 5. no evidence for borrowing 与える
ageru 11.21 to give 5. no evidence for borrowing あげる
kureru 11.21 to give 5. no evidence for borrowing くれる
yaru 11.21 to give 5. no evidence for borrowing やる
kaesu 11.22 to give back 5. no evidence for borrowing 返す
tamotsu 11.24 to preserve 5. no evidence for borrowing 保つ
hozon 11.24 to preserve 1. clearly borrowed 保存
sukuu 11.25 to rescue 5. no evidence for borrowing 救う
kyūjo 11.25 to rescue 1. clearly borrowed 救助
kowasu 11.27 to destroy 5. no evidence for borrowing 壊す
hakai 11.27 to destroy 1. clearly borrowed 破壊
kizutsukeru 11.28 to injure 5. no evidence for borrowing 傷付ける
sokonau 11.28 to injure 5. no evidence for borrowing 損なう
gai 11.28 to injure 1. clearly borrowed 害
songai o ataeru 11.29 to damage 5. no evidence for borrowing 損害を与える
gai 11.29 to damage 1. clearly borrowed 害
sokonau 11.29 to damage 5. no evidence for borrowing 損なう
sagasu 11.31 to look for 5. no evidence for borrowing 探す・捜す
mitsukeru 11.32 to find 5. no evidence for borrowing 見付ける
hakken 11.32 to find 1. clearly borrowed 発見
nakusu 11.33 to lose 5. no evidence for borrowing 無くす
ushinau 11.33 to lose 5. no evidence for borrowing 失う
hanasu (1) 11.34 to let go 5. no evidence for borrowing 放す
kane 11.43 the money 2. probably borrowed 金
kōka 11.44 the coin 1. clearly borrowed 硬貨
koin 11.44 the coin 1. clearly borrowed コイン
< cuneus (Latin )
kanemochi 11.51 rich 5. no evidence for borrowing 金持ち
yūfuku 11.51 rich 3. perhaps borrowed 裕福
binbō 11.52 poor 1. clearly borrowed 貧乏
mazushii 11.52 poor 5. no evidence for borrowing 貧しい
kojiki 11.53 the beggar 1. clearly borrowed 乞食
kechi 11.54 stingy 5. no evidence for borrowing けち
kasu 11.61 to lend 5. no evidence for borrowing 貸す
kariru 11.62 to borrow 5. no evidence for borrowing 借りる
kariru 11.63 to owe 5. no evidence for borrowing 借りる
shakkin 11.64 the debt 4. very little evidence for borrowing 借金
kari 11.64 the debt 5. no evidence for borrowing 借り
fusai 11.64 the debt 1. clearly borrowed 負債
harau 11.65 to pay 5. no evidence for borrowing 払う
dasu 11.65 to pay 5. no evidence for borrowing 出す
kanjō 11.66 the bill 2. probably borrowed 勘定
seikyūsho 11.66 the bill 4. very little evidence for borrowing 請求書
zeikin 11.69 the tax 2. probably borrowed 税金
yatou 11.77 to hire 5. no evidence for borrowing 雇う
kyūryō 11.78 the wages 4. very little evidence for borrowing 給料
chingin 11.78 the wages 2. probably borrowed 賃金
kasegu 11.79 to earn 5. no evidence for borrowing 稼ぐ
mōkeru 11.79 to earn 5. no evidence for borrowing 儲ける; 設ける is used for the sense of “prepare, establish; earn”
kau 11.81 to buy 5. no evidence for borrowing 買う
uru 11.82 to sell 5. no evidence for borrowing 売る
kōkan 11.83 to trade or barter 1. clearly borrowed 交換
shōnin (1) 11.84 the merchant 1. clearly borrowed 商人
ichi (1) 11.85 the market 5. no evidence for borrowing 市
mise 11.86 the shop/store 5. no evidence for borrowing 店
nedan 11.87 the price 5. no evidence for borrowing 値段
kakaku 11.87 the price 1. clearly borrowed 価格
takai 11.88 expensive 3. perhaps borrowed 高い
yasui 11.89 cheap 5. no evidence for borrowing 安い
wakeru 11.91 to share 5. no evidence for borrowing 分ける
omosa 11.92 to weigh 5. no evidence for borrowing 重さ
ato 12.01 after 5. no evidence for borrowing 後
ushiro 12.011 behind 5. no evidence for borrowing 後ろ
naka 12.012 in 5. no evidence for borrowing 中
de 12.013 at 5. no evidence for borrowing で
ni (2) 12.013 at 5. no evidence for borrowing に
yoko 12.02 beside 5. no evidence for borrowing 横
shita (2) 12.03 down 5. no evidence for borrowing 下
mae 12.04 before 5. no evidence for borrowing 前
mae 12.041 in front of 5. no evidence for borrowing 前
shōmen 12.041 in front of 1. clearly borrowed 正面
naka 12.05 inside 5. no evidence for borrowing 中
soto 12.06 outside 5. no evidence for borrowing 外
shita (2) 12.07 under 5. no evidence for borrowing 下
ue 12.08 up 5. no evidence for borrowing 上
ue 12.081 above 5. no evidence for borrowing 上
tokoro 12.11 the place 5. no evidence for borrowing 所
basho 12.11 the place 5. no evidence for borrowing 場所
oku 12.12 to put 5. no evidence for borrowing 置く
suwaru 12.13 to sit 5. no evidence for borrowing 座る
yokotawaru 12.14 to lie down 5. no evidence for borrowing 横たわる
neru 12.14 to lie down 5. no evidence for borrowing 寝る
tatsu 12.15 to stand 5. no evidence for borrowing 立つ
todomaru 12.16 to remain 5. no evidence for borrowing 留まる
nokoru 12.16 to remain 5. no evidence for borrowing 残る
nokori 12.17 the remains 5. no evidence for borrowing 残り
atsumeru 12.21 to gather 5. no evidence for borrowing 集める
hirou 12.212 to pick up 5. no evidence for borrowing 拾う
tsumikasaneru 12.213 to pile up 5. no evidence for borrowing 積み重ねる
tsunagu 12.22 to join 5. no evidence for borrowing 繋ぐ
musubu 12.22 to join 5. no evidence for borrowing 結ぶ
wakeru 12.23 to separate 5. no evidence for borrowing 分ける
wakeru 12.232 to divide 5. no evidence for borrowing 分ける
akeru 12.24 to open 5. no evidence for borrowing 開ける(open), 空ける(make empty)
hirakeru 12.24 to open 5. no evidence for borrowing 開ける
shimeru 12.25 to shut 5. no evidence for borrowing 閉める
tojiru 12.25 to shut 5. no evidence for borrowing 閉じる
oou 12.26 to cover 5. no evidence for borrowing 覆う
kakusu 12.27 to hide 5. no evidence for borrowing 隠れる
takai 12.31 high 3. perhaps borrowed 高い
hikui 12.32 low 5. no evidence for borrowing 低い
chōten 12.33 the top 1. clearly borrowed 頂点
teppen 12.33 the top 1. clearly borrowed 天辺
soko (1) 12.34 the bottom 5. no evidence for borrowing 底
hashi 12.35 the end(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 端
hate 12.35 the end(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 果て
togaru 12.352 pointed 5. no evidence for borrowing 尖る
hashi 12.353 the edge 5. no evidence for borrowing 端
fuchi 12.353 the edge 5. no evidence for borrowing 縁
sokumen 12.36 the side 1. clearly borrowed 側面
yoko 12.36 the side 5. no evidence for borrowing 横
man’naka 12.37 the middle 5. no evidence for borrowing 真ん中
chūō 12.37 the middle 1. clearly borrowed 中央
migi 12.41 right(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 右
hidari 12.42 left 5. no evidence for borrowing 左
chikai (1) 12.43 near 5. no evidence for borrowing 近い
tōi 12.44 far 5. no evidence for borrowing 遠い
higashi 12.45 the east 5. no evidence for borrowing 東
nishi 12.46 the west 5. no evidence for borrowing 西
kita 12.47 the north 5. no evidence for borrowing 北
minami 12.48 the south 5. no evidence for borrowing 南
sodatsu 12.53 to grow 5. no evidence for borrowing 育つ
nobiru 12.53 to grow 5. no evidence for borrowing 伸びる
hakaru 12.54 to measure 5. no evidence for borrowing 計る・測る・量る
fazomu 12.541 the fathom 1. clearly borrowed ファゾム
hiro 12.541 the fathom 5. no evidence for borrowing 尋
ōkii 12.55 big 5. no evidence for borrowing 大きい
chiisai 12.56 small 3. perhaps borrowed 小さい
nagai 12.57 long 5. no evidence for borrowing 長い
takai 12.58 tall 3. perhaps borrowed 高い
mijikai 12.59 short 5. no evidence for borrowing 短い
hiroi 12.61 wide 5. no evidence for borrowing 広い
semai 12.62 narrow 5. no evidence for borrowing 狭い
hosoi 12.62 narrow 5. no evidence for borrowing 細い
atsui (1) 12.63 thick 5. no evidence for borrowing 厚い
hosoi 12.65 thin 5. no evidence for borrowing 細い
usui 12.65 thin 5. no evidence for borrowing 薄い
fukai 12.67 deep 5. no evidence for borrowing 深い
asai 12.68 shallow 3. perhaps borrowed 浅い
taira 12.71 flat 5. no evidence for borrowing 平ら
massugu 12.73 straight 5. no evidence for borrowing 真っ直ぐ
magaru 12.74 crooked 5. no evidence for borrowing 曲がる
kagi 12.75 the hook 5. no evidence for borrowing 鍵 (”key”), 鉤 (”hook”)
fukku 12.75 the hook 1. clearly borrowed フック
kado 12.76 the corner 5. no evidence for borrowing 角
sumi 12.76 the corner 5. no evidence for borrowing 炭
jūji 12.77 the cross 1. clearly borrowed 十字
seihōkei 12.78 the square 2. probably borrowed 正方形
mashikaku 12.78 the square 5. no evidence for borrowing 真四角
marui 12.81 round 5. no evidence for borrowing 丸い・円い
maru 12.82 the circle 5. no evidence for borrowing 円
en 12.82 the circle 1. clearly borrowed 円
tama 12.83 the ball 5. no evidence for borrowing 球
kyū (1) 12.83 the ball 1. clearly borrowed 球
bōru (2) 12.83 the ball 1. clearly borrowed ボール
suji 12.84 the line 5. no evidence for borrowing 筋
sen (2) 12.84 the line 1. clearly borrowed 線
ana 12.85 the hole 5. no evidence for borrowing 穴
niru (1) 12.92 similar 3. perhaps borrowed 似る
kaeru (3) 12.93 to change 5. no evidence for borrowing 変える
henka 12.93 to change 1. clearly borrowed 変化
zero 13 zero 1. clearly borrowed ゼロ
< ṣifr (Arabic )
rei 13 zero 1. clearly borrowed 零
hitotsu 13.01 one 5. no evidence for borrowing 一つ
ichi (2) 13.01 one 1. clearly borrowed 一
yi (Chinese )
futatsu 13.02 two 3. perhaps borrowed 二つ
ni (1) 13.02 two 1. clearly borrowed 二
mittsu 13.03 three 5. no evidence for borrowing 三つ
san 13.03 three 1. clearly borrowed 三
yottsu 13.04 four 5. no evidence for borrowing 四つ
yon 13.04 four 5. no evidence for borrowing 四
shi 13.04 four 1. clearly borrowed 四
itsutsu 13.05 five 5. no evidence for borrowing 五つ
go (1) 13.05 five 1. clearly borrowed 五
muttsu 13.06 six 5. no evidence for borrowing 六つ
roku 13.06 six 1. clearly borrowed 六
nanatsu 13.07 seven 5. no evidence for borrowing 七つ
nana 13.07 seven 5. no evidence for borrowing 七
shichi 13.07 seven 1. clearly borrowed 七
yattsu 13.08 eight 5. no evidence for borrowing 八つ
hachi (3) 13.08 eight 1. clearly borrowed 八
kokonotsu 13.09 nine 5. no evidence for borrowing 九つ
kyū (2) 13.09 nine 1. clearly borrowed 九
tō (1) 13.1 ten 3. perhaps borrowed 十
jū (2) 13.1 ten 1. clearly borrowed 十
jūichi 13.101 eleven 1. clearly borrowed 十一
jūni 13.102 twelve 1. clearly borrowed 十二
jūgo 13.103 fifteen 1. clearly borrowed 十五
nijū 13.104 twenty 1. clearly borrowed 二十
hyaku 13.105 a hundred 1. clearly borrowed 百
sen (1) 13.106 a thousand 1. clearly borrowed 千
kazoeru 13.107 to count 5. no evidence for borrowing 数える
zenbu 13.14 all 1. clearly borrowed 全部
subete 13.14 all 5. no evidence for borrowing 全て
minna 13.14 all 5. no evidence for borrowing 皆
ōi 13.15 many 5. no evidence for borrowing 多い
takusan 13.15 many 3. perhaps borrowed 沢山
motto 13.16 more 5. no evidence for borrowing もっと
sukoshi 13.17 few 5. no evidence for borrowing 少し
jūbun 13.18 enough 1. clearly borrowed 充分・十分
tariru 13.18 enough 5. no evidence for borrowing 足りる
ikutsuka 13.181 some 5. no evidence for borrowing 幾つか
mure 13.19 the crowd 5. no evidence for borrowing 群れ
gunshū 13.19 the crowd 2. probably borrowed 群集
hitogomi 13.19 the crowd 5. no evidence for borrowing 人込み
ippai 13.21 full 1. clearly borrowed 一杯
michiru 13.21 full 5. no evidence for borrowing 満ちる
kara (1) 13.22 empty 3. perhaps borrowed 空
aku 13.22 empty 5. no evidence for borrowing 空く(become empty), 開く(open)
bubun 13.23 the part 1. clearly borrowed 部分
ichibu 13.23 the part 1. clearly borrowed 一部
ko 13.231 the piece 1. clearly borrowed 個
kire 13.231 the piece 5. no evidence for borrowing 切れ
hanbun 13.24 the half 1. clearly borrowed 半分
nakaba 13.24 the half 5. no evidence for borrowing 半ば
tada hitotsu 13.33 only 5. no evidence for borrowing 唯一つ
yuiitsu 13.33 only 1. clearly borrowed 唯一
hitori 13.331 alone 5. no evidence for borrowing 一人
tandoku 13.331 alone 1. clearly borrowed 単独
daiichi 13.34 first 1. clearly borrowed 第一
ichibanme 13.34 first 5. no evidence for borrowing 一番目
hajimete 13.34 first 5. no evidence for borrowing 初めて
saigo 13.35 last 1. clearly borrowed 最後
nibanme 13.36 second 5. no evidence for borrowing 二番目
daini 13.36 second 1. clearly borrowed 第二
tsugu 13.36 second 5. no evidence for borrowing 継ぐ
ittsui 13.37 the pair 1. clearly borrowed 一対
hitokumi 13.37 the pair 5. no evidence for borrowing 一組
nikai 13.38 twice/two times 1. clearly borrowed 二回
nido 13.38 twice/two times 1. clearly borrowed 二度
daisan 13.42 third 1. clearly borrowed 第三
sanbanme 13.42 third 5. no evidence for borrowing 三番目
sankai 13.44 three times 1. clearly borrowed 三回
sando 13.44 three times 1. clearly borrowed 三度
toki 14.11 the time 3. perhaps borrowed 時
jikan 14.11 the time 1. clearly borrowed 時間
toshi (1) 14.12 the age 5. no evidence for borrowing 年
nenrei 14.12 the age 1. clearly borrowed 年齢
atarashii 14.13 new 5. no evidence for borrowing 新しい
wakai 14.14 young 5. no evidence for borrowing 若い
furui 14.15 old 5. no evidence for borrowing 古い
toshitoru 14.15 old 5. no evidence for borrowing 年取る
hayai 14.16 early 5. no evidence for borrowing 早い (”early”), 速い (”fast”)
osoi 14.17 late 5. no evidence for borrowing 遅い
ima 14.18 now 5. no evidence for borrowing 今
sugu 14.19 immediately 5. no evidence for borrowing 直ぐ
hayai 14.21 fast 5. no evidence for borrowing 早い (”early”), 速い (”fast”)
yukkuri 14.22 slow 5. no evidence for borrowing ゆっくり
noroi 14.22 slow 5. no evidence for borrowing のろい
osoi 14.22 slow 5. no evidence for borrowing 遅い
isogu 14.23 to hurry 5. no evidence for borrowing 急ぐ
chikoku 14.24 to be late 3. perhaps borrowed 遅刻
okureru 14.24 to be late 5. no evidence for borrowing 遅れる
hajimeru 14.25 to begin 5. no evidence for borrowing 始める
hajimari 14.251 the beginning 5. no evidence for borrowing 始まり
kaishi 14.251 the beginning 1. clearly borrowed 開始
kakaru 14.252 to last 5. no evidence for borrowing 掛かる
tsuzuku 14.252 to last 5. no evidence for borrowing 続く
owari 14.26 the end(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 終わり
oeru 14.27 to finish 5. no evidence for borrowing 終える
shūryō 14.27 to finish 1. clearly borrowed 終了
yameru 14.28 to cease 5. no evidence for borrowing 止める
chūshi 14.28 to cease 1. clearly borrowed 中止
junbi 14.29 ready 1. clearly borrowed 準備
yōi (1) 14.29 ready 1. clearly borrowed 用意
shitaku 14.29 ready 2. probably borrowed 支度
sonaeru 14.29 ready 5. no evidence for borrowing 備える
itsumo 14.31 always 5. no evidence for borrowing いつも
tsune 14.31 always 5. no evidence for borrowing 常
yoku 14.32 often 5. no evidence for borrowing よく
shibashiba 14.32 often 5. no evidence for borrowing しばしば・屡
tabitabi 14.32 often 5. no evidence for borrowing 度々
hinpan 14.32 often 1. clearly borrowed 頻繁
tokidoki 14.33 sometimes 5. no evidence for borrowing 時々
tokiori 14.33 sometimes 5. no evidence for borrowing 時折
mō sugu 14.331 soon 5. no evidence for borrowing もう直ぐ
mamonaku 14.331 soon 5. no evidence for borrowing まもなく
nagai 14.332 for a long time 5. no evidence for borrowing 長い
itsudemo 14.34 never 5. no evidence for borrowing いつでも
kesshite 14.34 never 5. no evidence for borrowing 決して
mata 14.35 again 5. no evidence for borrowing 又
futatabi 14.35 again 5. no evidence for borrowing 再び
hi (1) 14.41 the day(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 日
nitchū 14.41 the day(1) 1. clearly borrowed 日中
hi (1) 14.411 the day(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 日
ichinichi 14.411 the day(2) 1. clearly borrowed 一日
yoru (2) 14.42 the night 5. no evidence for borrowing 夜
yoake 14.43 the dawn 5. no evidence for borrowing 夜明け
akebono 14.43 the dawn 5. no evidence for borrowing 曙
asa 14.44 the morning 5. no evidence for borrowing 朝
gozenchū 14.44 the morning 1. clearly borrowed 午前中
hiru 14.45 the midday 5. no evidence for borrowing 昼
shōgo 14.45 the midday 1. clearly borrowed 正午
gogo 14.451 the afternoon 1. clearly borrowed 午後
yūgata 14.46 the evening 5. no evidence for borrowing 夕方
ban 14.46 the evening 1. clearly borrowed 晩
kyō (1) 14.47 today 5. no evidence for borrowing 今日
ashita 14.48 tomorrow 5. no evidence for borrowing 明日
asu 14.48 tomorrow 5. no evidence for borrowing 明日
asatte 14.481 the day after tomorrow 5. no evidence for borrowing 明後日
kinō 14.49 yesterday 5. no evidence for borrowing 昨日
sakujitsu 14.49 yesterday 1. clearly borrowed 昨日
ototoi 14.491 the day before yesterday 5. no evidence for borrowing 一昨日
issakujitsu 14.491 the day before yesterday 2. probably borrowed 一昨日
jikan 14.51 the hour 1. clearly borrowed 時間
tokei 14.53 the clock 2. probably borrowed 時計 (a case of ateji)
shū 14.61 the week 1. clearly borrowed 週
shūkan (2) 14.61 the week 1. clearly borrowed 週間
nichiyō 14.62 Sunday 1. clearly borrowed 日曜
getsuyō 14.63 Monday 1. clearly borrowed 月曜
kayō 14.64 Tuesday 1. clearly borrowed 火曜
suiyō 14.65 Wednesday 1. clearly borrowed 水曜
mokuyō 14.66 Thursday 1. clearly borrowed 木曜
kin’yō 14.67 Friday 1. clearly borrowed 金曜
doyō 14.68 Saturday 1. clearly borrowed 土曜
tsuki 14.71 the month 5. no evidence for borrowing 月
gatsu 14.71 the month 1. clearly borrowed 月
toshi (1) 14.73 the year 5. no evidence for borrowing 年
nen 14.73 the year 1. clearly borrowed 年
nenkan 14.73 the year 1. clearly borrowed 年間
fuyu 14.74 the winter 5. no evidence for borrowing 冬
haru 14.75 the spring(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 春
natsu 14.76 the summer 2. probably borrowed 夏
aki 14.77 the autumn/fall 5. no evidence for borrowing 秋
kisetsu 14.78 the season 1. clearly borrowed 季節
niou 15.21 to smell(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 匂う・臭う
kagu 15.212 to sniff 5. no evidence for borrowing 嗅ぐ
nioi ga suru 15.22 to smell(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 匂いがする・臭いがする
nioi ga ii 15.25 fragrant 5. no evidence for borrowing 匂いが良い
kanbashii 15.25 fragrant 5. no evidence for borrowing 芳しい/香しい/馨しい
kusai 15.26 stinking 5. no evidence for borrowing 臭い
aji 15.31 to taste 5. no evidence for borrowing 味
amai 15.35 sweet 5. no evidence for borrowing 甘い
shoppai 15.36 salty 5. no evidence for borrowing 辛い
nigai 15.37 bitter 5. no evidence for borrowing 苦い
suppai 15.38 sour 5. no evidence for borrowing 酸っぱい
shioke 15.39 brackish 5. no evidence for borrowing 塩気
kikoeru 15.41 to hear 5. no evidence for borrowing 聞こえる
kiku 15.41 to hear 5. no evidence for borrowing 聞く
kiku 15.42 to listen 5. no evidence for borrowing 聞く
oto 15.44 the sound or noise 5. no evidence for borrowing 音
urusai 15.45 loud 5. no evidence for borrowing 煩い
yakamashii 15.45 loud 5. no evidence for borrowing 喧しい
shizuka 15.46 quiet 5. no evidence for borrowing 静か
mieru 15.51 to see 5. no evidence for borrowing 見える
miru 15.51 to see 5. no evidence for borrowing 見る
miru 15.52 to look 5. no evidence for borrowing 見る
miseru 15.55 to show 5. no evidence for borrowing 見せる
shimesu 15.55 to show 5. no evidence for borrowing 示す
kagayaku 15.56 to shine 5. no evidence for borrowing 輝く
hikaru 15.56 to shine 5. no evidence for borrowing 光る
akarui 15.57 bright 5. no evidence for borrowing 明るい
iro 15.61 the colour/color 5. no evidence for borrowing 色
akarui 15.62 light(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 明るい
kurai 15.63 dark 3. perhaps borrowed 暗い
shiroi 15.64 white 5. no evidence for borrowing 白い
kuroi 15.65 black 3. perhaps borrowed 黒い
akai 15.66 red 5. no evidence for borrowing 赤い
aoi 15.67 blue 5. no evidence for borrowing 青い
midori 15.68 green 5. no evidence for borrowing 緑
kiiro 15.69 yellow 5. no evidence for borrowing 黄色
sawaru 15.71 to touch 5. no evidence for borrowing 触る
fureru 15.71 to touch 5. no evidence for borrowing 触れる
tsuneru 15.712 to pinch 5. no evidence for borrowing 抓る
sawaru 15.72 to feel 5. no evidence for borrowing 触る
kanjiru 15.72 to feel 1. clearly borrowed 感じる
katai 15.74 hard 5. no evidence for borrowing 硬い・堅い・固い
yawarakai 15.75 soft 5. no evidence for borrowing 柔らかい・軟らかい
arai 15.76 rough(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 粗い
somatsu 15.76 rough(1) 2. probably borrowed 粗末
zarazara 15.76 rough(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing ざらざら
nameraka 15.77 smooth 5. no evidence for borrowing 滑らか
subesube 15.77 smooth 5. no evidence for borrowing 滑々
tsurutsuru 15.77 smooth 5. no evidence for borrowing つるつる
surodoi 15.78 sharp 5. no evidence for borrowing 鋭い
eiri 15.78 sharp 1. clearly borrowed 鋭利
nibui 15.79 blunt 5. no evidence for borrowing 鈍い
namakura 15.79 blunt 5. no evidence for borrowing 鈍ら
omoi 15.81 heavy 5. no evidence for borrowing 重い
karui 15.82 light(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 軽い
nureru 15.83 wet 5. no evidence for borrowing 濡れる
shikeru 15.83 wet 5. no evidence for borrowing 湿気る(become wet)、 時化る (become rough (2)) The latter is a case of ateji.
kawaku 15.84 dry 5. no evidence for borrowing 乾く
atsui (2) 15.85 hot 5. no evidence for borrowing 熱い・暑い
atatakai 15.851 warm 5. no evidence for borrowing 温かい・暖かい
samui 15.86 cold 5. no evidence for borrowing 寒い
tsumetai 15.86 cold 5. no evidence for borrowing 冷たい
kirei 15.87 clean 1. clearly borrowed 綺麗
kiyoi 15.87 clean 5. no evidence for borrowing 清い
seiketsu 15.87 clean 1. clearly borrowed 清潔
kitanai 15.88 dirty 5. no evidence for borrowing 汚い
shiwashiwa 15.89 wrinkled 5. no evidence for borrowing 皺々
tamashii 16.11 the soul or spirit 5. no evidence for borrowing 魂
reikon 16.11 the soul or spirit 1. clearly borrowed 霊魂
seishin 16.11 the soul or spirit 1. clearly borrowed 精神
kokoro 16.11 the soul or spirit 5. no evidence for borrowing 心
odoroku 16.15 surprised or astonished 5. no evidence for borrowing 驚く
bikkuri 16.15 surprised or astonished 5. no evidence for borrowing びっくり・吃驚 (the latter a case of ateji)
kō’un 16.18 the good luck 1. clearly borrowed 幸運
kichi 16.18 the good luck 1. clearly borrowed 吉
saiwai 16.18 the good luck 5. no evidence for borrowing 幸い
shiawase 16.18 the good luck 5. no evidence for borrowing 幸せ
fukō 16.19 the bad luck 1. clearly borrowed 不運
kyō (2) 16.19 the bad luck 1. clearly borrowed 凶
akuun 16.19 the bad luck 1. clearly borrowed 悪運
ureshii 16.23 happy 5. no evidence for borrowing 嬉しい
medetai 16.23 happy 5. no evidence for borrowing めでたい
warau 16.25 to laugh 5. no evidence for borrowing 笑う
hohoemu 16.251 to smile 5. no evidence for borrowing 微笑む
bishō 16.251 to smile 1. clearly borrowed 微笑
nikoniko 16.251 to smile 5. no evidence for borrowing にこにこ
asobu 16.26 to play 5. no evidence for borrowing 遊ぶ
ai 16.27 to love 1. clearly borrowed 愛
koi 16.27 to love 5. no evidence for borrowing 恋
kisu 16.29 to kiss 1. clearly borrowed キス
kuchizuke 16.29 to kiss 5. no evidence for borrowing 口付け
daku 16.3 to embrace 3. perhaps borrowed 抱く
itami 16.31 the pain 5. no evidence for borrowing 痛み
kutsū 16.31 the pain 1. clearly borrowed 苦痛
kanashimi 16.32 the grief 5. no evidence for borrowing 悲しみ
hitan 16.32 the grief 1. clearly borrowed 悲哀
shinpai 16.33 the anxiety 5. no evidence for borrowing 心配
fu’an 16.33 the anxiety 1. clearly borrowed 不安
zannen 16.34 to regret or be sorry 3. perhaps borrowed 残念
kōkai 16.34 to regret or be sorry 1. clearly borrowed 後悔
sumanai 16.34 to regret or be sorry 5. no evidence for borrowing 済まない
kuyamu 16.34 to regret or be sorry 5. no evidence for borrowing 悔やむ
dōjō 16.35 the pity 1. clearly borrowed 同情
aware 16.35 the pity 5. no evidence for borrowing 哀れ
naku 16.37 to cry 3. perhaps borrowed 泣く
namida 16.38 the tear 5. no evidence for borrowing 涙
umeku 16.39 to groan 5. no evidence for borrowing 呻く
nikumu 16.41 to hate 5. no evidence for borrowing 憎む
ikari (2) 16.42 the anger 5. no evidence for borrowing 怒り
gekido 16.42 the anger 1. clearly borrowed 激怒
netami 16.44 the envy or jealousy 5. no evidence for borrowing 妬み・嫉み
shitto 16.44 the envy or jealousy 1. clearly borrowed 嫉妬
urayami 16.44 the envy or jealousy 5. no evidence for borrowing 羨み
haji 16.45 the shame 5. no evidence for borrowing 恥
shūchi 16.45 the shame 1. clearly borrowed 羞恥
hokoritakai 16.48 proud 5. no evidence for borrowing 誇り高い
kōman 16.48 proud 1. clearly borrowed 高慢
puraido 16.48 proud 1. clearly borrowed プライド
aete 16.51 to dare 5. no evidence for borrowing 敢えて
okasu 16.51 to dare 5. no evidence for borrowing 冒す
yūkan 16.52 brave 1. clearly borrowed 勇敢
isamashii 16.52 brave 5. no evidence for borrowing 勇ましい
osore 16.53 the fear 5. no evidence for borrowing 恐れ
kyōfu 16.53 the fear 1. clearly borrowed 恐怖
kiken 16.54 the danger 1. clearly borrowed 危険
abunai 16.54 the danger 5. no evidence for borrowing 危ない
hoshii 16.62 to want 5. no evidence for borrowing 欲しい
nozomu 16.62 to want 5. no evidence for borrowing 望む
erabu 16.622 to choose 5. no evidence for borrowing 選ぶ
sentaku (2) 16.622 to choose 1. clearly borrowed 選択
nozomu 16.63 to hope 5. no evidence for borrowing 望む
kibō 16.63 to hope 1. clearly borrowed 希望
chūjitsu 16.65 faithful 1. clearly borrowed 忠実
seijitsu 16.65 faithful 1. clearly borrowed 誠実
hontō 16.66 true 3. perhaps borrowed 本当
makoto 16.66 true 5. no evidence for borrowing 誠
shin 16.66 true 1. clearly borrowed 真
uso o tsuku 16.67 to lie(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 嘘を吐く
itsuwari 16.68 the deceit 5. no evidence for borrowing 偽り
uso 16.68 the deceit 5. no evidence for borrowing 嘘
yurusu 16.69 to forgive 5. no evidence for borrowing 許す
kanben 16.69 to forgive 3. perhaps borrowed 勘弁
yōsha 16.69 to forgive 3. perhaps borrowed 容赦/用捨 (the former is now usual)
ii 16.71 good 5. no evidence for borrowing 良い
warui 16.72 bad 5. no evidence for borrowing 悪い
tadashii 16.73 right(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 正しい
seikaku 16.73 right(2) 1. clearly borrowed 正確
machigau 16.74 wrong 5. no evidence for borrowing 間違う
ayamaru 16.74 wrong 5. no evidence for borrowing 誤る
sei 16.76 the fault 1. clearly borrowed 所為
sekinin 16.76 the fault 1. clearly borrowed 責任
ayamachi 16.77 the mistake 5. no evidence for borrowing 過ち
ayamari 16.77 the mistake 5. no evidence for borrowing 誤り
misu 16.77 the mistake 1. clearly borrowed ミス
sekinin 16.78 the blame 1. clearly borrowed 責任
hinan 16.78 the blame 1. clearly borrowed 非難
homeru 16.79 the praise 5. no evidence for borrowing 褒める
shōsan 16.79 the praise 1. clearly borrowed 称賛・賞賛
kirei 16.81 beautiful 1. clearly borrowed 綺麗
utsukushii 16.81 beautiful 5. no evidence for borrowing 美しい
minikui 16.82 ugly 5. no evidence for borrowing 醜い
shūaku 16.82 ugly 1. clearly borrowed 醜悪
don’yoku 16.83 greedy 1. clearly borrowed 貪欲
yokubari 16.83 greedy 5. no evidence for borrowing 欲張り
gatsugatsu 16.83 greedy 5. no evidence for borrowing がつがつ
kashikoi 16.84 clever 5. no evidence for borrowing 賢い
rikō 16.84 clever 1. clearly borrowed 利口
sōmei 16.84 clever 1. clearly borrowed 聡明
kokoro 17.11 the mind 5. no evidence for borrowing 心
seishin 17.11 the mind 1. clearly borrowed 精神
kangaeru 17.13 to think(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 考える
omou 17.14 to think(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 思う
shinjiru 17.15 to believe 1. clearly borrowed 信じる
shin’yō (2) 17.15 to believe 1. clearly borrowed 信用
wakaru 17.16 to understand 5. no evidence for borrowing 分かる
rikai 17.16 to understand 1. clearly borrowed 理解
shiru (1) 17.17 to know 5. no evidence for borrowing 知る
ateru 17.171 to guess 5. no evidence for borrowing 当てる
suisoku 17.171 to guess 1. clearly borrowed 推測
maneru 17.172 to imitate 5. no evidence for borrowing 真似る
mohō 17.172 to imitate 1. clearly borrowed 模倣
rashii 17.18 to seem 5. no evidence for borrowing らしい
sō 17.18 to seem 5. no evidence for borrowing そう
yō 17.18 to seem 1. clearly borrowed 様、よう
omoitsuki 17.19 the idea 5. no evidence for borrowing 思い付き
gainen 17.19 the idea 1. clearly borrowed 概念
aidea 17.19 the idea 1. clearly borrowed アイデア
< idéā (Greek )
kashikoi 17.21 wise 5. no evidence for borrowing 賢い
kenmei 17.21 wise 1. clearly borrowed 賢明
sōmei 17.21 wise 1. clearly borrowed 聡明
baka 17.22 stupid 1. clearly borrowed 馬鹿, the original term as taken from the Sanskrit was 莫迦
< moha (Sanskrit )
oroka 17.22 stupid 5. no evidence for borrowing 愚か
kuruu 17.23 mad 5. no evidence for borrowing 狂う
narau 17.24 to learn 5. no evidence for borrowing 習う
benkyō 17.24 to learn 1. clearly borrowed 勉強
oboeru 17.24 to learn 5. no evidence for borrowing 覚える
manabu 17.24 to learn 5. no evidence for borrowing 学ぶ
benkyō 17.242 to study 1. clearly borrowed 勉強
manabu 17.242 to study 5. no evidence for borrowing 学ぶ
oshieru 17.25 to teach 5. no evidence for borrowing 教える
seito 17.26 the pupil 1. clearly borrowed 生徒
sensei (1) 17.27 the teacher 1. clearly borrowed 先生
kyōshi 17.27 the teacher 1. clearly borrowed 教師
gakkō 17.28 the school 1. clearly borrowed 学校
omoidasu 17.31 to remember 5. no evidence for borrowing 思い出す
kioku 17.31 to remember 1. clearly borrowed 記憶
wasureru 17.32 to forget 5. no evidence for borrowing 忘れる
akiraka 17.34 clear 5. no evidence for borrowing 明か
meikaku 17.34 clear 1. clearly borrowed 明確
fumeiryō 17.35 obscure 1. clearly borrowed 不明瞭
aimai 17.35 obscure 1. clearly borrowed 曖昧
himitsu 17.36 secret 1. clearly borrowed 秘密
hisoka 17.36 secret 5. no evidence for borrowing 密か
tashika 17.37 certain 5. no evidence for borrowing 確か
setsumei 17.38 to explain 1. clearly borrowed 説明
ito (2) 17.41 the intention 1. clearly borrowed 意図
ki (2) 17.41 the intention 1. clearly borrowed 気
tsumori 17.41 the intention 5. no evidence for borrowing つもり
gen’in 17.42 the cause 1. clearly borrowed 原因
moto 17.42 the cause 5. no evidence for borrowing 元
utagai 17.43 the doubt 5. no evidence for borrowing 疑い
gimon 17.43 the doubt 1. clearly borrowed 疑問
utagau 17.44 to suspect 5. no evidence for borrowing 疑う
ayashimu 17.44 to suspect 5. no evidence for borrowing 怪しむ
uragiru 17.441 to betray 5. no evidence for borrowing 裏切る
hitsuyō 17.45 the need or necessity 1. clearly borrowed 必要
kantan 17.46 easy 1. clearly borrowed 簡単
yasashii 17.46 easy 5. no evidence for borrowing 易しい
yōi (2) 17.46 easy 1. clearly borrowed 容易
muzukashii 17.47 difficult 5. no evidence for borrowing 難しい
konnan 17.47 difficult 1. clearly borrowed 困難
kokoromiru 17.48 to try 5. no evidence for borrowing 試みる
tamesu 17.48 to try 5. no evidence for borrowing 試す
shikata 17.49 the manner 5. no evidence for borrowing 仕方
hōhō 17.49 the manner 1. clearly borrowed 方法
to 17.51 and 5. no evidence for borrowing と
ya (2) 17.51 and 5. no evidence for borrowing や
soshite 17.51 and 5. no evidence for borrowing そして
kara (2) 17.52 because 5. no evidence for borrowing から
moshi 17.53 if 5. no evidence for borrowing もし
ka (2) 17.54 or 5. no evidence for borrowing か
mata 17.54 or 5. no evidence for borrowing 又
hai (2) 17.55 yes 5. no evidence for borrowing はい
ē 17.55 yes 5. no evidence for borrowing ええ
iie 17.56 no 5. no evidence for borrowing いいえ
dō (2) 17.61 how? 5. no evidence for borrowing どう
ikutsu 17.62 how many? 5. no evidence for borrowing 幾つ
ikura 17.63 how much? 5. no evidence for borrowing 幾ら
nani 17.64 what? 5. no evidence for borrowing 何
itsu 17.65 when? 5. no evidence for borrowing いつ
nanji 17.65 when? 5. no evidence for borrowing 何時
doko 17.66 where? 5. no evidence for borrowing どこ
dono 17.67 which? 5. no evidence for borrowing どの
dore 17.67 which? 5. no evidence for borrowing どれ
dare 17.68 who? 5. no evidence for borrowing 誰
naze 17.69 why? 5. no evidence for borrowing 何故
dōshite 17.69 why? 5. no evidence for borrowing どうして
koe 18.11 the voice 5. no evidence for borrowing 声
utau 18.12 to sing 5. no evidence for borrowing 歌う
sakebu 18.13 to shout 5. no evidence for borrowing 叫ぶ
donaru 18.13 to shout 5. no evidence for borrowing 怒鳴る (first character probably ateji)
sasayaku 18.15 to whisper 5. no evidence for borrowing 囁く
tsubuyaku 18.16 to mumble 5. no evidence for borrowing 呟く
butsubutsu 18.16 to mumble 5. no evidence for borrowing ぶつぶつ
kuchibue o fuku 18.17 to whistle 5. no evidence for borrowing 口笛を吹く
himei o ageru 18.18 to shriek 5. no evidence for borrowing 悲鳴を上げる
wameku 18.18 to shriek 5. no evidence for borrowing 喚く
hoeru 18.19 to howl 5. no evidence for borrowing 吼える・吠える・咆える
hanasu (2) 18.21 to speak or talk 5. no evidence for borrowing 話す
domoru 18.211 to stutter or stammer 5. no evidence for borrowing 吃る
iu 18.22 to say 5. no evidence for borrowing 言う
kataru 18.221 to tell 5. no evidence for borrowing 語る
enzetsu 18.222 the speech 1. clearly borrowed 演説
supiichi 18.222 the speech 1. clearly borrowed スピーチ
damaru 18.23 to be silent 5. no evidence for borrowing 黙る
kotoba 18.24 the language 3. perhaps borrowed 言葉
gengo 18.24 the language 1. clearly borrowed 言語
kotoba 18.26 the word 3. perhaps borrowed 言葉
go (2) 18.26 the word 1. clearly borrowed 語
namae 18.28 the name 5. no evidence for borrowing 名前
kiku 18.31 to ask(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 聞く
shitsumon 18.31 to ask(1) 1. clearly borrowed 質問
tazuneru 18.31 to ask(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing (ask), (visit)
tou 18.31 to ask(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 問う
kotaeru 18.32 to answer 5. no evidence for borrowing 答える
henji 18.32 to answer 5. no evidence for borrowing 返事
mitomeru 18.33 to admit 5. no evidence for borrowing 認める
shōnin (3) 18.33 to admit 1. clearly borrowed 承認
hitei 18.34 to deny 1. clearly borrowed 否定
uchikesu 18.34 to deny 5. no evidence for borrowing 打ち消す
motomeru 18.35 to ask(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 求める
tanomu 18.35 to ask(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 頼む
yakusoku 18.36 to promise 1. clearly borrowed 約束
kotowaru 18.37 to refuse 5. no evidence for borrowing 断る
kyohi 18.37 to refuse 3. perhaps borrowed 拒否
kinjiru 18.38 to forbid 1. clearly borrowed 禁じる
kinshi 18.38 to forbid 1. clearly borrowed 禁止
shikaru 18.39 to scold 5. no evidence for borrowing 叱る
yobu 18.41 to call(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing 呼ぶ
yobu 18.42 to call(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 呼ぶ
nazukeru 18.42 to call(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing 名付ける
happyō 18.43 to announce 1. clearly borrowed 発表
tsugeru 18.43 to announce 5. no evidence for borrowing 告げる
odosu 18.44 to threaten 5. no evidence for borrowing 脅す
kyōhaku 18.44 to threaten 1. clearly borrowed 脅迫
ibaru 18.45 to boast 5. no evidence for borrowing 威張る
hokoru 18.45 to boast 5. no evidence for borrowing 誇る
jiman 18.45 to boast 3. perhaps borrowed 自慢
kaku 18.51 to write 3. perhaps borrowed 掻く(scratch, stir), 書く(write)
yomu 18.52 to read 5. no evidence for borrowing 読む
kami (2) 18.56 the paper 5. no evidence for borrowing 紙
fude 18.57 the pen 5. no evidence for borrowing 筆
pen 18.57 the pen 1. clearly borrowed ペン
< penna (Latin )
hon 18.61 the book 1. clearly borrowed 本
shijin 18.67 the poet 1. clearly borrowed 詩人
fue 18.71 the flute 5. no evidence for borrowing 笛
furūto 18.71 the flute 1. clearly borrowed フルート
taiko 18.72 the drum 3. perhaps borrowed 太鼓
doramu 18.72 the drum 1. clearly borrowed ドラム
horun 18.73 the horn or trumpet 1. clearly borrowed ホルン
tsunobue 18.73 the horn or trumpet 5. no evidence for borrowing 角笛
toranpetto 18.73 the horn or trumpet 1. clearly borrowed トランペット
rappa 18.73 the horn or trumpet 1. clearly borrowed 喇叭
< rava (Sanskrit , uncertain)
< roeper (Dutch , uncertain)
garagara 18.74 the rattle 5. no evidence for borrowing ガラガラ
kuni 19.11 the country 2. probably borrowed 国
sokoku 19.12 the native country 1. clearly borrowed 祖国
machi 19.15 the town 5. no evidence for borrowing 街・町
toshi (2) 19.15 the town 2. probably borrowed 都市
mura 19.16 the village 4. very little evidence for borrowing 村
mul (Korean )
sakai 19.17 the boundary 5. no evidence for borrowing 境
hitobito 19.21 the people 5. no evidence for borrowing 人々
kokumin 19.21 the people 1. clearly borrowed 国民
shizoku 19.23 the clan 1. clearly borrowed 氏族
ichizoku 19.23 the clan 1. clearly borrowed 一族
shūchō 19.24 the chieftain 1. clearly borrowed 酋長
tsue 19.25 the walking stick 5. no evidence for borrowing 杖
sutekki 19.25 the walking stick 1. clearly borrowed ステッキ
shihai 19.31 to rule or govern 1. clearly borrowed 支配
osameru 19.31 to rule or govern 5. no evidence for borrowing 治める
ō 19.32 the king 1. clearly borrowed 王
jo’ō 19.33 the queen 1. clearly borrowed 女王
kizoku 19.36 the noble 1. clearly borrowed 貴族
shimin 19.37 the citizen 2. probably borrowed 市民
kokumin 19.37 the citizen 1. clearly borrowed 国民
shujin 19.41 the master 1. clearly borrowed 主人
aruji 19.41 the master 5. no evidence for borrowing 主
dorei 19.42 the slave 1. clearly borrowed 奴隷
meshitsukai 19.43 the servant 5. no evidence for borrowing 召し使い
kerai 19.43 the servant 1. clearly borrowed 家来
jiyūmin 19.44 the freeman 2. probably borrowed 自由民
kaihō 19.445 to liberate 1. clearly borrowed 解放
meijiru 19.45 to command or order 1. clearly borrowed 命じる
meirei 19.45 to command or order 1. clearly borrowed 命令
shitagau 19.46 to obey 5. no evidence for borrowing 従う
fukujū 19.46 to obey 1. clearly borrowed 服従
yurusu 19.47 to permit 5. no evidence for borrowing 許す
kyoka 19.47 to permit 1. clearly borrowed 許可
tomodachi 19.51 the friend 5. no evidence for borrowing 友達
teki 19.52 the enemy 1. clearly borrowed 敵
kataki 19.52 the enemy 5. no evidence for borrowing 敵
tonari no hito 19.54 the neighbour 5. no evidence for borrowing 隣の人
kinjo no hito 19.54 the neighbour 5. no evidence for borrowing 近所の人
yosomono 19.55 the stranger 5. no evidence for borrowing よそ者・余所者
ijin 19.55 the stranger 1. clearly borrowed 異人
kyaku 19.56 the guest 1. clearly borrowed 客
maneku 19.565 to invite 5. no evidence for borrowing 招く
shōtai 19.565 to invite 1. clearly borrowed 招待
shujin 19.57 the host 1. clearly borrowed 主人
aruji 19.57 the host 5. no evidence for borrowing 主
tasukeru 19.58 to help 5. no evidence for borrowing 助ける
enjo 19.58 to help 1. clearly borrowed 援助
fusegu 19.59 to prevent 5. no evidence for borrowing 防ぐ
soshi 19.59 to prevent 1. clearly borrowed 阻止
shūkan (1) 19.61 the custom 1. clearly borrowed 習慣
kenka 19.62 the quarrel 1. clearly borrowed 喧嘩/諠譁
iiarasoi 19.62 the quarrel 5. no evidence for borrowing 言い争い
inbō 19.63 the plot 1. clearly borrowed 陰謀
takurami 19.63 the plot 5. no evidence for borrowing 企み
guru 19.63 the plot 5. no evidence for borrowing ぐる
au 19.65 to meet 5. no evidence for borrowing 会う
baishunfu 19.72 the prostitute 2. probably borrowed 売春婦
tatakau 20.11 to fight 5. no evidence for borrowing 戦う・闘う
arasou 20.11 to fight 5. no evidence for borrowing 争う
sensō 20.13 the war or battle 1. clearly borrowed 戦争
ikusa 20.13 the war or battle 5. no evidence for borrowing 戦
sentō 20.13 the war or battle 1. clearly borrowed 戦闘
heiwa 20.14 the peace 1. clearly borrowed 平和
guntai 20.15 the army 1. clearly borrowed 軍隊
heitai 20.17 the soldier 3. perhaps borrowed 兵隊
gunjin 20.17 the soldier 1. clearly borrowed 軍人
buki 20.21 the weapons 1. clearly borrowed 武器
heiki 20.21 the weapons 1. clearly borrowed 兵器
konbō 20.22 the club 1. clearly borrowed 棍棒
senpu 20.222 the battle-axe 1. clearly borrowed 戦斧
tōsekiki 20.23 the sling 1. clearly borrowed 投石器
pachinko 20.23 the sling 5. no evidence for borrowing パチンコ
gomujū 20.23 the sling 5. no evidence for borrowing ゴム銃
yumi 20.24 the bow 5. no evidence for borrowing 弓
ya (1) 20.25 the arrow 5. no evidence for borrowing 矢
yari 20.26 the spear 5. no evidence for borrowing 槍
tsurugi 20.27 the sword 3. perhaps borrowed 剣
katana 20.27 the sword 5. no evidence for borrowing 刀
ken (2) 20.27 the sword 1. clearly borrowed 剣
jū (1) 20.28 the gun 1. clearly borrowed 銃
teppō 20.28 the gun 4. very little evidence for borrowing 鉄砲
yoroi 20.31 the armour 5. no evidence for borrowing 鎧
kabuto 20.33 the helmet 5. no evidence for borrowing 兜・冑・甲
herumetto 20.33 the helmet 1. clearly borrowed ヘルメット
tate 20.34 the shield 5. no evidence for borrowing 盾
yōsai 20.35 the fortress 2. probably borrowed 要塞
toride 20.35 the fortress 5. no evidence for borrowing 砦/塁/寨
tō (2) 20.36 the tower 1. clearly borrowed 塔
shōri 20.41 the victory 1. clearly borrowed 勝利
kachi 20.41 the victory 5. no evidence for borrowing 勝ち
haiboku 20.42 the defeat 1. clearly borrowed 敗北
make 20.42 the defeat 5. no evidence for borrowing 負け
kōgeki 20.43 the attack 1. clearly borrowed 攻撃
mamoru 20.44 to defend 5. no evidence for borrowing 守る
bōei 20.44 to defend 1. clearly borrowed 防衛
shirizoku 20.45 to retreat 5. no evidence for borrowing 退く
taikyo 20.45 to retreat 1. clearly borrowed 退去
kōfuku 20.46 to surrender 1. clearly borrowed 降伏/降服
kōsan 20.46 to surrender 3. perhaps borrowed 降参
toriko 20.47 the captive or prisoner 5. no evidence for borrowing 虜
horyo 20.47 the captive or prisoner 3. perhaps borrowed 捕虜
shūjin 20.47 the captive or prisoner 1. clearly borrowed 囚人
mihari 20.471 the guard 5. no evidence for borrowing 見張り
ban’nin 20.471 the guard 3. perhaps borrowed 番人
gādoman 20.471 the guard 4. very little evidence for borrowing ガードマン
emono 20.48 the booty 5. no evidence for borrowing 獲物
senrihin 20.48 the booty 2. probably borrowed 戦利品
machibuse 20.49 the ambush 5. no evidence for borrowing 待ち伏せ
gyofu 20.51 the fisherman 1. clearly borrowed 漁夫
ryōshi 20.51 the fisherman 1. clearly borrowed 漁師
tsuribari 20.52 the fishhook 5. no evidence for borrowing 釣り針
tsuriito 20.53 the fishing line 5. no evidence for borrowing 釣り糸
gyomō 20.54 the fishnet 1. clearly borrowed 漁網
nageami 20.54 the fishnet 5. no evidence for borrowing 投げ網
yana 20.55 the fish trap 5. no evidence for borrowing 梁/簗
esa 20.56 the bait 5. no evidence for borrowing 餌
karu (2) 20.61 to hunt 5. no evidence for borrowing 狩る
utsu 20.62 to shoot 5. no evidence for borrowing 打つ (”hit”), 撃つ (”shoot”)
hazureru 20.63 to miss 5. no evidence for borrowing 外れる
wana 20.64 the trap 5. no evidence for borrowing 罠
toraeru 20.65 to trap 5. no evidence for borrowing 捕らえる
hōritsu 21.11 the law 1. clearly borrowed 法律
saibansho 21.15 the court 4. very little evidence for borrowing 裁判所
hanketsu 21.16 to adjudicate 1. clearly borrowed 判決
sabaku 21.16 to adjudicate 5. no evidence for borrowing 裁く
saiban 21.17 the judgment 1. clearly borrowed 裁判
hanketsu 21.17 the judgment 1. clearly borrowed 判決
saibankan 21.18 the judge 4. very little evidence for borrowing 裁判官
genkoku 21.21 the plaintiff 2. probably borrowed 原告
hikoku 21.22 the defendant 2. probably borrowed 被告
shōnin (2) 21.23 the witness 1. clearly borrowed 証人
mokugekisha 21.23 the witness 2. probably borrowed 目撃者
chikau 21.24 to swear 5. no evidence for borrowing 誓う
chikai (2) 21.25 the oath 5. no evidence for borrowing 誓い
sensei (2) 21.25 the oath 1. clearly borrowed 宣誓
uttaeru 21.31 to accuse 5. no evidence for borrowing 訴える
kokuso 21.31 to accuse 1. clearly borrowed 告訴
sho 21.32 to condemn 1. clearly borrowed 処
yūzai to suru 21.33 to convict 5. no evidence for borrowing 有罪とする
muzai to suru 21.34 to acquit 5. no evidence for borrowing 無罪とする
yūzai 21.35 guilty 1. clearly borrowed 有罪
muzai 21.36 innocent 1. clearly borrowed 無罪
batsu 21.37 the penalty or punishment 1. clearly borrowed 罰
bakkin 21.38 the fine 1. clearly borrowed 罰金
rōya 21.39 the prison 5. no evidence for borrowing 牢屋
keimusho 21.39 the prison 3. perhaps borrowed 刑務所
satsujin 21.42 the murder 1. clearly borrowed 殺人
hitogoroshi 21.42 the murder 5. no evidence for borrowing 人殺し
furin 21.43 the adultery 1. clearly borrowed 不倫
uwaki 21.43 the adultery 5. no evidence for borrowing 浮気
gōkan 21.44 the rape 1. clearly borrowed 強姦
reipu 21.44 the rape 1. clearly borrowed レイプ
< rapere (Latin )
hōka (1) 21.46 the arson 1. clearly borrowed 放火
gishō 21.47 the perjury 2. probably borrowed 偽証
nusumu 21.51 to steal 5. no evidence for borrowing 盗む
dorobō 21.52 the thief 5. no evidence for borrowing 泥棒
shūkyō 22.11 the religion 1. clearly borrowed 宗教
kami (3) 22.12 the god 5. no evidence for borrowing 神
tera 22.13 the temple 2. probably borrowed 寺
ji’in 22.13 the temple 1. clearly borrowed 寺院
shinden 22.13 the temple 1. clearly borrowed 神殿
kyōkai 22.131 the church 2. probably borrowed 教会
mosuku 22.132 the mosque 1. clearly borrowed モスク
< masjid (Arabic )
saidan 22.14 the altar 1. clearly borrowed 祭壇
ikenie 22.15 the sacrifice 5. no evidence for borrowing 生贄
sūhai 22.16 to worship 1. clearly borrowed 崇拝
< adorer (French )
ogamu 22.16 to worship 5. no evidence for borrowing 拝む
inoru 22.17 to pray 5. no evidence for borrowing 祈る
ogamu 22.17 to pray 5. no evidence for borrowing 拝む
seishokusha 22.18 the priest 4. very little evidence for borrowing 聖職者
shinsei 22.19 holy 1. clearly borrowed 神聖
sekkyō 22.22 to preach 1. clearly borrowed 説教
shukufuku 22.23 to bless 1. clearly borrowed 祝福
norou 22.24 to curse 5. no evidence for borrowing 呪う
danjiki 22.26 to fast 2. probably borrowed 断食
zesshoku 22.26 to fast 1. clearly borrowed 絶食
tengoku 22.31 the heaven 1. clearly borrowed 天国
gokuraku 22.31 the heaven 1. clearly borrowed 極楽
jigoku 22.32 the hell 1. clearly borrowed 地獄
akuma 22.35 the demon 1. clearly borrowed 悪魔
oni 22.35 the demon 3. perhaps borrowed 鬼
gūzō 22.37 the idol 2. probably borrowed 偶像
mahō 22.42 the magic 2. probably borrowed 魔法
majinai 22.42 the magic 5. no evidence for borrowing 呪い
mahōtsukai 22.43 the sorcerer or witch 5. no evidence for borrowing 魔法使い
majo 22.43 the sorcerer or witch 3. perhaps borrowed 魔女
yōsei 22.44 the fairy or elf 1. clearly borrowed 妖精
< fairy (English )
kobito 22.44 the fairy or elf 5. no evidence for borrowing 小人
yūrei 22.45 the ghost 1. clearly borrowed 幽霊
obake 22.45 the ghost 5. no evidence for borrowing お化け
zenchō 22.47 the omen 1. clearly borrowed 前兆
kizashi 22.47 the omen 5. no evidence for borrowing 兆し
katsurei 22.5 the circumcision 1. clearly borrowed 割礼
tsūkagirei 22.51 the initiation ceremony 2. probably borrowed 通過儀礼
inishiēshon 22.51 the initiation ceremony 1. clearly borrowed イニシエーション
rajio 23.1 the radio 1. clearly borrowed ラジオ
< radius (Latin )
musen 23.1 the radio 1. clearly borrowed 無線
terebi 23.11 the television 1. clearly borrowed テレビ
denwa 23.12 the telephone 2. probably borrowed 電話
jitensha 23.13 the bicycle 4. very little evidence for borrowing 自転車
charinko 23.13 the bicycle 2. probably borrowed ちゃりんこ
ōtobai 23.135 the motorcycle 1. clearly borrowed オートバイ
kuruma 23.14 the car 5. no evidence for borrowing 車
jidōsha 23.14 the car 4. very little evidence for borrowing 自動車
basu 23.15 the bus 1. clearly borrowed バス
< omnibus (Latin )
kisha 23.155 the train 2. probably borrowed 汽車
densha 23.155 the train 2. probably borrowed 電車
hikōki 23.16 the airplane 4. very little evidence for borrowing 飛行機
denki 23.17 the electricity 2. probably borrowed 電気
denchi 23.175 the battery 2. probably borrowed 電池
burēki 23.18 to brake 1. clearly borrowed ブレーキ
enjin 23.185 the motor 1. clearly borrowed エンジン
kikai 23.19 the machine 1. clearly borrowed 機械、器械
gasorin 23.195 the petroleum 1. clearly borrowed ガソリン
sekiyu 23.195 the petroleum 2. probably borrowed 石油
byōin 23.2 the hospital 1. clearly borrowed 病院
kangofu 23.21 the nurse 4. very little evidence for borrowing 看護婦
kangoshi 23.21 the nurse 4. very little evidence for borrowing 看護士
jōzai 23.22 the pill or tablet 4. very little evidence for borrowing 錠剤
chūsha 23.23 the injection 1. clearly borrowed 注射
megane 23.24 the spectacles/glasses 5. no evidence for borrowing 眼鏡
seifu 23.3 the government 1. clearly borrowed 政府
daitōryō 23.31 the president 4. very little evidence for borrowing 大統領
daijin 23.32 the minister 1. clearly borrowed 大臣
keisatsu 23.33 the police 1. clearly borrowed 警察
menkyo 23.34 the driver's license 2. probably borrowed 免許
nanbāpurēto 23.35 the license plate 1. clearly borrowed ナンバープレート
kosekishōhon 23.36 the birth certificate 2. probably borrowed 戸籍抄本
hanzai 23.37 the crime 1. clearly borrowed 犯罪
tsumi 23.37 the crime 5. no evidence for borrowing 罪
senkyo 23.38 the election 1. clearly borrowed 選挙
jūsho 23.385 the address 1. clearly borrowed 住所
sūji 23.39 the number 1. clearly borrowed 数字
kazu 23.39 the number 5. no evidence for borrowing 数
tōri 23.395 the street 5. no evidence for borrowing 通り
yūbin 23.4 the post/mail 4. very little evidence for borrowing 郵便
kitte 23.41 the postage stamp 5. no evidence for borrowing 切手
tegami 23.42 the letter 5. no evidence for borrowing 手紙
hagaki 23.43 the postcard 5. no evidence for borrowing 葉書、older variants　端書、羽書、判書
ginkō 23.44 the bank 1. clearly borrowed 銀行
jaguchi 23.5 the tap/faucet 5. no evidence for borrowing 蛇口
senmenki 23.51 the sink 3. perhaps borrowed 洗面器
toire 23.52 the toilet 1. clearly borrowed トイレ
< tēla (Latin )
otearai 23.52 the toilet 5. no evidence for borrowing 御手洗
benjo 23.52 the toilet 3. perhaps borrowed 便所
keshōshitsu 23.52 the toilet 2. probably borrowed 化粧室
mattoresu 23.53 the mattress 1. clearly borrowed マットレス、　敷布団
futon 23.53 the mattress 1. clearly borrowed 布団、originally 蒲団
kan 23.54 the tin/can 1. clearly borrowed 缶 (a case of ateji), older variants: 罐、鑵
neji 23.55 the screw 5. no evidence for borrowing 捻子、捩子、螺旋、螺子 (all seem to be ateji)
nejimawashi 23.555 the screwdriver 5. no evidence for borrowing 螺旋回し
bin 23.56 the bottle 1. clearly borrowed 瓶
ame (2) 23.565 the candy/sweets 5. no evidence for borrowing 飴
kashi (1) 23.565 the candy/sweets 1. clearly borrowed 菓子、果子
kyandē 23.565 the candy/sweets 1. clearly borrowed キャンデー
< ķand (Arabic )
purasuchikku 23.57 the plastic 1. clearly borrowed プラスチック
bakudan 23.575 the bomb 4. very little evidence for borrowing 爆弾
< Bombe (German )
kōba 23.58 the workshop 5. no evidence for borrowing 工場, note that this is written the same as kōjō which is a bigger factory.
tabako 23.59 the cigarette 1. clearly borrowed タバコ, kanji used were　煙草,烟草、莨
shinbun 23.6 the newspaper 1. clearly borrowed 新聞
koyomi 23.61 the calendar 5. no evidence for borrowing 暦
karendā 23.61 the calendar 1. clearly borrowed カレンダー
eiga 23.62 the film/movie 4. very little evidence for borrowing 映画
ongaku 23.63 the music 1. clearly borrowed 音楽
uta 23.64 the song 5. no evidence for borrowing 歌
kyoku 23.64 the song 1. clearly borrowed 曲
cha 23.9 the tea 1. clearly borrowed 茶
kōhii 23.91 the coffee 1. clearly borrowed コーヒー、珈琲
< ķahwa (Arabic )
da 24.01 to be 5. no evidence for borrowing だ
naru 24.02 to become 5. no evidence for borrowing なる・成る
nashi 24.03 without 5. no evidence for borrowing 無し
to 24.04 with 5. no evidence for borrowing と
de 24.04 with 5. no evidence for borrowing で
tōru 24.05 through 5. no evidence for borrowing 通る
nai 24.06 not 5. no evidence for borrowing ない・無い
kono 24.07 this 5. no evidence for borrowing この
kore 24.07 this 5. no evidence for borrowing これ
sono 24.08 that 5. no evidence for borrowing その
sore 24.08 that 5. no evidence for borrowing それ
ano 24.08 that 5. no evidence for borrowing あの
are 24.08 that 5. no evidence for borrowing あれ
koko 24.09 here 5. no evidence for borrowing ここ
soko (2) 24.1 there 5. no evidence for borrowing そこ
asoko 24.1 there 5. no evidence for borrowing あそこ
hoka 24.11 other 5. no evidence for borrowing 他
betsu 24.11 other 1. clearly borrowed 別
tsugi 24.12 next 5. no evidence for borrowing 次
onaji 24.13 same 5. no evidence for borrowing 同じ
dōyō 24.13 same 1. clearly borrowed 同様
nanimo 24.14 nothing 5. no evidence for borrowing 何も