White Hmong Vocabulary

by Martha Ratliff

The vocabulary contains 1474 meaning-word pairs from the recipient language White Hmong . The corresponding text chapter was published in the book "Loanwords in the World's Languages". The language page White Hmong contains a list of all loanwords arranged by donor languoid.

The word is given in the usual orthography or transcription, and in the usual citation form.

Click on a word to get even more information than is shown in this table.

The Loanword Typology code is the identifier of the Loanword Typology meaning. Sorting by LWT Code sorts the words thematically by semantic field.
This column shows the labels of the Loanword Typology meanings. By clicking on a meaning label, you get more information about the meaning, as well as a list of all words that are counterparts of that meaning.

There are five borrowed statuses, reflecting decreasing likelihood that the word is a loanword:

  1. clearly borrowed
  2. probably borrowed
  3. perhaps borrowed
  4. very little evidence for borrowing
  5. no evidence for borrowing
This is the time period during which the word is hypothesized to have come into the language as a loanword, or during which it is first attested, or for which it can be reconstructed.
This gives the usual written form for languages that do not use the Latin script.
For (possible) loanwords, this column shows the words in the source languages that served as models.
Word LWT Code Meaning Borrowed Status Source Words
[help] [help] [help] [help] [help]
ntiaj teb 1.1 the world 5. no evidence for borrowing
teb (1) 1.21 the land 4. very little evidence for borrowing
av 1.212 the soil 5. no evidence for borrowing
hmoov av 1.213 the dust 5. no evidence for borrowing
plua tshauv 1.213 the dust 5. no evidence for borrowing
av nkos 1.214 the mud 5. no evidence for borrowing
hmoov zeb 1.215 the sand 5. no evidence for borrowing
xuab zeb 1.215 the sand 5. no evidence for borrowing
roob 1.22 the mountain or hill 2. probably borrowed
toj 1.22 the mountain or hill 5. no evidence for borrowing
pob-tsuas 1.22 the mountain or hill 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsag 1.222 the cliff or precipice 5. no evidence for borrowing
tiaj-nrag 1.23 the plain 5. no evidence for borrowing
hav 1.24 the valley 5. no evidence for borrowing
pov-txwv 1.25 the island 2. probably borrowed
kob 1.25 the island 1. clearly borrowed
gɔ ( Lao )
ntug dej 1.27 the shore 5. no evidence for borrowing
qhov tsua 1.28 the cave 5. no evidence for borrowing
dej 1.31 the water 3. perhaps borrowed
hiav-txwv 1.32 the sea 1. clearly borrowed
dej ntaug lawm 1.322 calm 5. no evidence for borrowing
dej nplawm 1.323 rough(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
npuas dej 1.324 the foam 5. no evidence for borrowing
pas dej 1.33 the lake 5. no evidence for borrowing
nthwv dej 1.35 the wave 5. no evidence for borrowing
twv (1) 1.35 the wave 5. no evidence for borrowing
dej 1.36 the river or stream 3. perhaps borrowed
yis dej 1.362 the whirlpool 5. no evidence for borrowing
qhov dej 1.37 the spring or well 5. no evidence for borrowing
qhov dej txhawv 1.37 the spring or well 5. no evidence for borrowing
hav iav 1.38 the swamp 5. no evidence for borrowing
dej poob tsag 1.39 the waterfall 5. no evidence for borrowing
zoov 1.41 the woods or forest 3. perhaps borrowed
ntoo 1.43 the wood 3. perhaps borrowed
pob-zeb 1.44 the stone or rock 5. no evidence for borrowing
av qeeg 1.45 the earthquake 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntuj 1.51 the sky 5. no evidence for borrowing
hnub 1.52 the sun 2. probably borrowed
hli 1.53 the moon 2. probably borrowed
hnub qub 1.54 the star 5. no evidence for borrowing
xob laim 1.55 the lightning 5. no evidence for borrowing
xob ntsais 1.55 the lightning 5. no evidence for borrowing
xob quaj 1.56 the thunder 5. no evidence for borrowing
xob nroo 1.56 the thunder 5. no evidence for borrowing
cua daj cua dub 1.58 the storm 5. no evidence for borrowing
zaj sawv 1.59 the rainbow 5. no evidence for borrowing
kaj 1.61 the light 2. probably borrowed
tsaus 1.62 the darkness 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntxoov-ntxoo 1.63 the shade or shadow 5. no evidence for borrowing
lwg 1.64 the dew 1. clearly borrowed
pa 1.71 the air 1. clearly borrowed
cua 1.72 the wind 5. no evidence for borrowing
huab 1.73 the cloud 5. no evidence for borrowing
pos huab 1.74 the fog 5. no evidence for borrowing
nag 1.75 the rain 4. very little evidence for borrowing
npu 1.76 the snow 4. very little evidence for borrowing
dej khov 1.77 the ice 5. no evidence for borrowing
nab kuab 1.77 the ice 1. clearly borrowed
khov 1.775 to freeze 5. no evidence for borrowing
huab cua 1.78 the weather 5. no evidence for borrowing
taws 1.81 the fire 5. no evidence for borrowing
nplaim taws 1.82 the flame 5. no evidence for borrowing
ncho pa 1.83 the smoke 5. no evidence for borrowing
pa taws 1.83 the smoke 5. no evidence for borrowing
hws 1.831 the steam 3. perhaps borrowed
tshauv 1.84 the ash 4. very little evidence for borrowing
hluav ncaig 1.841 the embers 5. no evidence for borrowing
hlawv 1.851 to burn(1) 2. probably borrowed
kub (1) 1.852 to burn(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
rauv 1.86 to light 5. no evidence for borrowing
tua 1.861 to extinguish 4. very little evidence for borrowing
ntais ntawv 1.87 the match 5. no evidence for borrowing
taws 1.88 the firewood 5. no evidence for borrowing
thee 1.89 the charcoal 1. clearly borrowed
neeg 2.1 the person 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv neej 2.21 the man 5. no evidence for borrowing
pojniam 2.22 the woman 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv (1) 2.23 male(1) 3. perhaps borrowed
poj 2.24 female(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
tub 2.25 the boy 5. no evidence for borrowing
hluas nraug 2.251 the young man 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntxhais 2.26 the girl 5. no evidence for borrowing
hluas nkauj 2.261 the young woman 5. no evidence for borrowing
menyuam 2.27 the child(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
mos ab 2.28 the baby 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv (1) 2.31 the husband 3. perhaps borrowed
pojniam 2.32 the wife 5. no evidence for borrowing
yuav 2.33 to marry 3. perhaps borrowed
tshoob 2.34 the wedding 5. no evidence for borrowing
kev sib-nrauj 2.341 the divorce 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv (1) 2.35 the father 3. perhaps borrowed
niam 2.36 the mother 5. no evidence for borrowing
niam txiv 2.37 the parents 5. no evidence for borrowing
pojniam 2.39 the married woman 5. no evidence for borrowing
tub 2.41 the son 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntxhais 2.42 the daughter 5. no evidence for borrowing
menyuam 2.43 the child(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
kwv tij 2.44 the brother 5. no evidence for borrowing
nus 2.44 the brother 5. no evidence for borrowing
tij-laug 2.444 the older brother 5. no evidence for borrowing
dì ( Chinese )
kwv (1) 2.445 the younger brother 4. very little evidence for borrowing
gē ( Chinese )
viv ncaus 2.45 the sister 5. no evidence for borrowing
muam 2.45 the sister 5. no evidence for borrowing
niam laus 2.454 the older sister 5. no evidence for borrowing
niam hluas 2.455 the younger sister 5. no evidence for borrowing
nus muag 2.456 the sibling 5. no evidence for borrowing
menyuam ntxaib 2.458 the twins 5. no evidence for borrowing
yawg 2.46 the grandfather 5. no evidence for borrowing
yawm txiv 2.46 the grandfather 5. no evidence for borrowing
yawg laug 2.461 the old man 5. no evidence for borrowing
pog 2.47 the grandmother 5. no evidence for borrowing
niam tais 2.47 the grandmother 5. no evidence for borrowing
pog laug 2.471 the old woman 5. no evidence for borrowing
pog yawg 2.4711 the grandparents 5. no evidence for borrowing
niam tais yawm txiv 2.4711 the grandparents 5. no evidence for borrowing
tub xeeb-ntxwv 2.48 the grandson 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntxhais xeeb-ntxwv 2.49 the granddaughter 5. no evidence for borrowing
xeeb-ntxwv 2.5 the grandchild 1. clearly borrowed
dab laug 2.511 the mother's brother 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv hlob 2.512 the father's brother 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv ntxawm 2.512 the father's brother 5. no evidence for borrowing
niam tais 2.521 the mother's sister 5. no evidence for borrowing
phauj 2.522 the father's sister 5. no evidence for borrowing
kwv tij 2.55 the cousin 5. no evidence for borrowing
npawg 2.55 the cousin 5. no evidence for borrowing
pog koob yawg koob 2.56 the ancestors 5. no evidence for borrowing
xeeb-ntxwv 2.57 the descendants 1. clearly borrowed
yawg txiv 2.61 the father-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv (1) 2.61 the father-in-law (of a man) 3. perhaps borrowed
txiv yawg 2.611 the father-in-law (of a woman) 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv (1) 2.611 the father-in-law (of a woman) 3. perhaps borrowed
niam tais 2.62 the mother-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
niam 2.62 the mother-in-law (of a man) 5. no evidence for borrowing
niam pog 2.621 the mother-in-law (of a woman) 5. no evidence for borrowing
niam 2.621 the mother-in-law (of a woman) 5. no evidence for borrowing
niam txiv 2.622 the parents-in-law 5. no evidence for borrowing
vauv 2.63 the son-in-law (of a man) 1. clearly borrowed
vauv 2.631 the son-in-law (of a woman) 1. clearly borrowed
nyab 2.64 the daughter-in-law (of a man) 2. probably borrowed
nyab 2.641 the daughter-in-law (of a woman) 2. probably borrowed
txiv (1) 2.71 the stepfather 3. perhaps borrowed
niam 2.72 the stepmother 5. no evidence for borrowing
tub 2.73 the stepson 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntxhais 2.74 the stepdaughter 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntsuag 2.75 the orphan 5. no evidence for borrowing
poj ntsuam 2.76 the widow 5. no evidence for borrowing
yawg ntsuag 2.77 the widower 5. no evidence for borrowing
kwv tij neej tsa 2.81 the relatives 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsev neeg 2.82 the family 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuv 2.91 I 5. no evidence for borrowing
koj 2.92 you (singular) 5. no evidence for borrowing
nws 2.93 he/she/it 5. no evidence for borrowing
nws 2.931 he 5. no evidence for borrowing
nws 2.932 she 5. no evidence for borrowing
nws 2.933 it 5. no evidence for borrowing
peb (1) 2.94 we 5. no evidence for borrowing
peb (1) 2.941 we (inclusive) 5. no evidence for borrowing
peb (1) 2.942 we (exclusive) 5. no evidence for borrowing
nej 2.95 you (plural) 5. no evidence for borrowing
lawv 2.96 they 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsiaj, tsiaj txhu 3.11 the animal 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv (1) 3.12 male(2) 3. perhaps borrowed
maum 3.13 female(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsiaj nyeg 3.15 the livestock 5. no evidence for borrowing
nkuaj 3.19 the stable or stall 3. perhaps borrowed
nyuj 3.2 the cattle 1. clearly borrowed
phaw nyuj 3.21 the bull 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv nyuj 3.21 the bull 5. no evidence for borrowing
maum nyuj 3.23 the cow 5. no evidence for borrowing
nyuj 3.24 the calf 1. clearly borrowed
yaj 3.25 the sheep 1. clearly borrowed
phaw yaj 3.26 the ram 5. no evidence for borrowing
maum yaj 3.28 the ewe 5. no evidence for borrowing
yaj 3.29 the lamb 1. clearly borrowed
npua teb 3.32 the boar 5. no evidence for borrowing
maum npua 3.34 the sow 5. no evidence for borrowing
npua 3.35 the pig 4. very little evidence for borrowing
tshis 3.36 the goat 5. no evidence for borrowing
phaw tshis 3.37 the he-goat 5. no evidence for borrowing
tshis 3.38 the kid 5. no evidence for borrowing
nees 3.41 the horse 1. clearly borrowed
phaw nees 3.42 the stallion 5. no evidence for borrowing
maum nees 3.44 the mare 5. no evidence for borrowing
nees 3.45 the foal or colt 1. clearly borrowed
zag 3.46 the donkey 5. no evidence for borrowing
luj-txwv 3.47 the mule 1. clearly borrowed
lau qaib 3.52 the cock/rooster 5. no evidence for borrowing
poj qaib 3.54 the hen 5. no evidence for borrowing
qaib 3.55 the chicken 2. probably borrowed
gus 3.56 the goose 1. clearly borrowed
os 3.57 the duck 1. clearly borrowed
zes 3.58 the nest 5. no evidence for borrowing
noog 3.581 the bird 3. perhaps borrowed
dav (1) 3.584 the eagle 3. perhaps borrowed
dav (1) 3.585 the hawk 3. perhaps borrowed
liv nyug, lib nyug 3.586 the vulture 5. no evidence for borrowing
puav 3.591 the bat 2. probably borrowed
leeb nkaub 3.592 the parrot 5. no evidence for borrowing
uab 3.593 the crow 1. clearly borrowed
nquab 3.594 the dove 2. probably borrowed
plas 3.596 the owl 5. no evidence for borrowing
dev 3.61 the dog 3. perhaps borrowed
kab taij 3.614 the rabbit 1. clearly borrowed
ga-taai ( Lao )
luav 3.614 the rabbit 5. no evidence for borrowing
miv 3.62 the cat 5. no evidence for borrowing
nas 3.63 the mouse or rat 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntses 3.65 the fish 3. perhaps borrowed
tis ntses 3.652 the fin 5. no evidence for borrowing
nplai 3.653 the scale 5. no evidence for borrowing
xiab 3.654 the gill 1. clearly borrowed
khauj-khaum 3.655 the shell 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntses nab 3.665 the freshwater eel 5. no evidence for borrowing
hma 3.71 the wolf 2. probably borrowed
< *hma A1 ( Tai )
tsov ntxhuav 3.72 the lion 5. no evidence for borrowing
dais 3.73 the bear 5. no evidence for borrowing
hma liab 3.74 the fox 5. no evidence for borrowing
muas lwj, mos lwj 3.75 the deer 1. clearly borrowed
kauv 3.75 the deer 5. no evidence for borrowing
liab (1) 3.76 the monkey 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntxhw 3.77 the elephant 2. probably borrowed
us 3.78 the camel 1. clearly borrowed
ùut ( Lao )
kab (1) 3.81 the insect 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntshauv 3.811 the head louse 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuv 3.8112 the body louse 5. no evidence for borrowing
qe ntshauv 3.812 the nit 5. no evidence for borrowing
dev mub 3.813 the flea 5. no evidence for borrowing
laum kib tshooj, laum kev tshooj 3.814 the centipede 5. no evidence for borrowing
kab laum 3.816 the cockroach 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntsaum 3.817 the ant 3. perhaps borrowed
kab laug sab 3.818 the spider 5. no evidence for borrowing
zes kab laug sab 3.819 the spider web 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsev kab laug sab 3.819 the spider web 5. no evidence for borrowing
muv 3.82 the bee 5. no evidence for borrowing
ciab-mu 3.821 the beeswax 5. no evidence for borrowing
xub (1) 3.822 the beehive 5. no evidence for borrowing
nkawj 3.823 the wasp 5. no evidence for borrowing
yoov 3.83 the fly 4. very little evidence for borrowing
yoov qaib 3.831 the sandfly or midge or gnat 5. no evidence for borrowing
yoov tshaj cum 3.832 the mosquito 5. no evidence for borrowing
cw 3.833 the prawns or shrimp 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntsaum kab-rwg 3.834 the termites 5. no evidence for borrowing
zuam 3.835 the tick 5. no evidence for borrowing
cua nab 3.84 the worm 5. no evidence for borrowing
nab 3.85 the snake 5. no evidence for borrowing
luav 3.863 the hare 5. no evidence for borrowing
w 3.865 the quail 2. probably borrowed
nas ncuav 3.869 the squirrel 5. no evidence for borrowing
kum zaug 3.89 the anteater 5. no evidence for borrowing
kab taws tsau 3.91 the firefly 5. no evidence for borrowing
twm (1) 3.917 the buffalo 1. clearly borrowed
npuj-npaim 3.92 the butterfly 5. no evidence for borrowing
kooj 3.93 the grasshopper 1. clearly borrowed
qwj 3.94 the snail 3. perhaps borrowed
qav 3.95 the frog 5. no evidence for borrowing
nab-qa 3.96 the lizard 5. no evidence for borrowing
kheb 3.97 the crocodile or alligator 1. clearly borrowed
khɛɛ ( Lao )
vaub kib, vuab kib, huab kib 3.98 the turtle 1. clearly borrowed
cev 4.11 the body 5. no evidence for borrowing
tawv (1) 4.12 the skin or hide 5. no evidence for borrowing
nqaij 4.13 the flesh 5. no evidence for borrowing
plaub-hau 4.14 the hair 5. no evidence for borrowing
hwj-txwv 4.142 the beard 1. clearly borrowed
plaub (1) 4.144 the body hair 5. no evidence for borrowing
plaub (1) 4.145 the pubic hair 5. no evidence for borrowing
plhaws taub-hau 4.146 the dandruff 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntshav 4.15 the blood 3. perhaps borrowed
leeg 4.151 the vein or artery 5. no evidence for borrowing
pob-txha 4.16 the bone 5. no evidence for borrowing
tav 4.162 the rib 5. no evidence for borrowing
kub (2) 4.17 the horn 2. probably borrowed
tw 4.18 the tail 5. no evidence for borrowing
nrob qaum 4.19 the back 5. no evidence for borrowing
duav (1) 4.19 the back 5. no evidence for borrowing
nqaj qaum 4.191 the spine 5. no evidence for borrowing
taub-hau 4.2 the head 5. no evidence for borrowing
khauj-khaum taub-hau 4.202 the skull 5. no evidence for borrowing
hlwb 4.203 the brain 2. probably borrowed
ntsej muag 4.204 the face 5. no evidence for borrowing
hauv pliaj 4.205 the forehead 5. no evidence for borrowing
puab-tsaig 4.207 the jaw 5. no evidence for borrowing
plhu 4.208 the cheek 5. no evidence for borrowing
puab-tsaig 4.209 the chin 5. no evidence for borrowing
qhov-muag 4.21 the eye 4. very little evidence for borrowing
plaub muag 4.212 the eyebrow 5. no evidence for borrowing
tawv muag 4.213 the eyelid 5. no evidence for borrowing
plaub muag 4.214 the eyelash 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntsais muag 4.215 to blink 5. no evidence for borrowing
pob-ntseg 4.22 the ear 5. no evidence for borrowing
taub-ntseg 4.221 the earlobe 5. no evidence for borrowing
quav ntsej 4.222 the earwax 5. no evidence for borrowing
qhov-ntswg 4.23 the nose 5. no evidence for borrowing
qhov-ntswg 4.231 the nostril 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntswg 4.232 the nasal mucus 5. no evidence for borrowing
qhov-ncauj 4.24 the mouth 3. perhaps borrowed
kaus ncauj 4.241 the beak 5. no evidence for borrowing
di ncauj 4.25 the lip 5. no evidence for borrowing
nplaig 4.26 the tongue 2. probably borrowed
hniav 4.27 the tooth 5. no evidence for borrowing
pos hniav 4.271 the gums 5. no evidence for borrowing
hniav puas 4.272 the molar tooth 5. no evidence for borrowing
caj-dab 4.28 the neck 4. very little evidence for borrowing
caj-pas 4.29 the throat 5. no evidence for borrowing
caj-dab 4.29 the throat 4. very little evidence for borrowing
xub pwg 4.3 the shoulder 5. no evidence for borrowing
duav pus 4.301 the shoulderblade 5. no evidence for borrowing
qais 4.302 the collarbone 5. no evidence for borrowing
caj-npab 4.31 the arm 5. no evidence for borrowing
tes 4.31 the arm 5. no evidence for borrowing
qhov-tsos 4.312 the armpit 5. no evidence for borrowing
luj tshib 4.32 the elbow 5. no evidence for borrowing
yas npab 4.32 the elbow 5. no evidence for borrowing
dab-teg 4.321 the wrist 5. no evidence for borrowing
tes 4.33 the hand 5. no evidence for borrowing
xib-teg 4.331 the palm of the hand 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntiv tes 4.34 the finger 5. no evidence for borrowing
nitv tes xoo 4.342 the thumb 5. no evidence for borrowing
rau tes 4.344 the fingernail 5. no evidence for borrowing
rau (1) 4.345 the claw 2. probably borrowed
ceg 4.35 the leg 5. no evidence for borrowing
ncej puab 4.351 the thigh 5. no evidence for borrowing
plab hlaub 4.352 the calf of the leg 5. no evidence for borrowing
hauv caug, caug 4.36 the knee 3. perhaps borrowed
ko-taw 4.37 the foot 5. no evidence for borrowing
dab-taws 4.371 the ankle 5. no evidence for borrowing
yas taw 4.371 the ankle 5. no evidence for borrowing
pob-taws 4.372 the heel 5. no evidence for borrowing
luj taw 4.372 the heel 5. no evidence for borrowing
hneev taw 4.374 the footprint 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntiv taw 4.38 the toe 5. no evidence for borrowing
tis 4.392 the wing 5. no evidence for borrowing
plaub (1) 4.393 the feather 5. no evidence for borrowing
hauv siab 4.4 the chest 5. no evidence for borrowing
hauv nrob 4.4 the chest 5. no evidence for borrowing
mis 4.41 the breast 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv mis 4.412 the nipple or teat 5. no evidence for borrowing
mis 4.42 the udder 5. no evidence for borrowing
puj ntaws, pij ntaws 4.43 the navel 5. no evidence for borrowing
plab 4.431 the belly 5. no evidence for borrowing
plawv 4.44 the heart 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntsws 4.441 the lung 2. probably borrowed
siab (1) 4.45 the liver 4. very little evidence for borrowing
raum 4.451 the kidney 5. no evidence for borrowing
po 4.452 the spleen 5. no evidence for borrowing
plab 4.46 the stomach 5. no evidence for borrowing
hnyuv 4.461 the intestines or guts 5. no evidence for borrowing
duav (1) 4.462 the waist 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntsag 4.463 the hip 5. no evidence for borrowing
pob-tw 4.464 the buttocks 5. no evidence for borrowing
leeg 4.465 the sinew or tendon 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsev menyuam 4.47 the womb 5. no evidence for borrowing
noob-qes 4.49 the testicles 5. no evidence for borrowing
qau 4.492 the penis 5. no evidence for borrowing
chaw mos 4.492 the penis 5. no evidence for borrowing
pim 4.493 the vagina 5. no evidence for borrowing
chaw mos 4.493 the vagina 5. no evidence for borrowing
paum 4.494 the vulva 5. no evidence for borrowing
chaw mos 4.494 the vulva 5. no evidence for borrowing
ua pa 4.51 to breathe 5. no evidence for borrowing
rua lo 4.52 to yawn 5. no evidence for borrowing
ua ntsos 4.521 to hiccough 5. no evidence for borrowing
hnoos 4.53 to cough 5. no evidence for borrowing
txham 4.54 to sneeze 5. no evidence for borrowing
tawm hws, tawm fws 4.55 to perspire 5. no evidence for borrowing
nti 4.56 to spit 5. no evidence for borrowing
nto 4.56 to spit 3. perhaps borrowed
ntuav 4.57 to vomit 5. no evidence for borrowing
tom (1) 4.58 to bite 5. no evidence for borrowing
yaim 4.59 to lick 5. no evidence for borrowing
nrog aub-ncaug 4.591 to dribble 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsaug zog 4.61 to sleep 5. no evidence for borrowing
ua qaj 4.612 to snore 5. no evidence for borrowing
ua npau suav 4.62 to dream 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsim dheev 4.63 to wake up 5. no evidence for borrowing
tso paus 4.64 to fart 5. no evidence for borrowing
tso zis 4.65 to piss 5. no evidence for borrowing
tso quav 4.66 to shit 5. no evidence for borrowing
sib-tsoob 4.67 to have sex 5. no evidence for borrowing
ua niam txiv 4.67 to have sex 5. no evidence for borrowing
sib-ua 4.67 to have sex 5. no evidence for borrowing
tshee 4.68 to shiver 2. probably borrowed
da dej 4.69 to bathe 5. no evidence for borrowing
yug los 4.72 to be born 5. no evidence for borrowing
xeeb tub 4.73 pregnant 5. no evidence for borrowing
muaj menyuam 4.73 pregnant 5. no evidence for borrowing
xeeb tub 4.732 to conceive 5. no evidence for borrowing
ciaj-sia 4.74 to be alive 5. no evidence for borrowing
txoj-sia 4.741 the life 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuag 4.75 to die 4. very little evidence for borrowing
tuag 4.7501 dead 4. very little evidence for borrowing
poob-deg 4.751 to drown 5. no evidence for borrowing
tua 4.76 to kill 4. very little evidence for borrowing
neeg tuag 4.77 the corpse 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsiaj tuag 4.771 the carcass 5. no evidence for borrowing
faus 4.78 to bury 5. no evidence for borrowing
los (1) 4.78 to bury 2. probably borrowed
qhov-ntxa 4.79 the grave 3. perhaps borrowed
muaj zog 4.81 strong 5. no evidence for borrowing
qaug zog 4.82 weak 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsaug 4.82 weak 5. no evidence for borrowing
noj qab nyob zoo 4.83 healthy 5. no evidence for borrowing
mob 4.84 sick/ill 5. no evidence for borrowing
npaws 4.841 the fever 5. no evidence for borrowing
kub cev 4.841 the fever 5. no evidence for borrowing
o txia 4.842 the goitre/goiter 5. no evidence for borrowing
khaub thuas 4.843 the cold 5. no evidence for borrowing
kab mob 4.844 the disease 5. no evidence for borrowing
nqaij ntuag 4.85 the wound or sore 5. no evidence for borrowing
kiav txhab 4.85 the wound or sore 5. no evidence for borrowing
doog ntshav 4.852 the bruise 5. no evidence for borrowing
o 4.853 the swelling 3. perhaps borrowed
khaus 4.854 the itch 3. perhaps borrowed
khawb 4.8541 to scratch 5. no evidence for borrowing
hlwv 4.855 the blister 5. no evidence for borrowing
rwj 4.856 the boil 5. no evidence for borrowing
paug 4.857 the pus 5. no evidence for borrowing
caws pliav 4.858 the scar 5. no evidence for borrowing
kho mob 4.86 to cure 5. no evidence for borrowing
kws kho mob 4.87 the physician 5. no evidence for borrowing
thaj mom 4.87 the physician 1. clearly borrowed
tshuaj 4.88 the medicine 5. no evidence for borrowing
tshuaj lom 4.89 the poison 5. no evidence for borrowing
taug 4.89 the poison 3. perhaps borrowed
nkees 4.91 tired 4. very little evidence for borrowing
lim (1) 4.91 tired 1. clearly borrowed
tsaug 4.91 tired 5. no evidence for borrowing
so (1) 4.912 to rest 5. no evidence for borrowing
tub-nkeeg 4.92 lazy 5. no evidence for borrowing
do hau 4.93 bald 5. no evidence for borrowing
ceg tawv 4.94 lame 5. no evidence for borrowing
lag ntseg 4.95 deaf 5. no evidence for borrowing
ruam 4.96 mute 5. no evidence for borrowing
dig muag 4.97 blind 5. no evidence for borrowing
qaug cawv 4.98 drunk 5. no evidence for borrowing
liab qab 4.99 naked 5. no evidence for borrowing
noj 5.11 to eat 4. very little evidence for borrowing
zaub mov 5.12 the food 5. no evidence for borrowing
khoom noj 5.12 the food 5. no evidence for borrowing
siav 5.121 cooked 5. no evidence for borrowing
nyoos 5.122 raw 5. no evidence for borrowing
siav 5.123 ripe 5. no evidence for borrowing
nyoos 5.124 unripe 5. no evidence for borrowing
lwj 5.125 rotten 4. very little evidence for borrowing
haus 5.13 to drink 1. clearly borrowed
tshaib plab 5.14 to be hungry 5. no evidence for borrowing
nqhis dej, nqhes dej 5.15 to be thirsty 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntxais 5.16 to suck 5. no evidence for borrowing
zom 5.18 to chew 5. no evidence for borrowing
nqos 5.181 to swallow 5. no evidence for borrowing
daig caj-dab 5.19 to choke 5. no evidence for borrowing
ua (mov) noj 5.21 to cook 5. no evidence for borrowing
npau 5.22 to boil 1. clearly borrowed
ci 5.23 to roast or fry 2. probably borrowed
kib 5.23 to roast or fry 3. perhaps borrowed
ci 5.24 to bake 2. probably borrowed
qhov-txos 5.25 the oven 1. clearly borrowed
lauj kaub 5.26 the pot 5. no evidence for borrowing
hwj kais, fwj kais 5.27 the kettle 5. no evidence for borrowing
hú ( Chinese )
yias 5.28 the pan 5. no evidence for borrowing
phaj 5.31 the dish 1. clearly borrowed
phaj 5.32 the plate 1. clearly borrowed
ntim 5.33 the bowl 1. clearly borrowed
tìp ( Lao )
tais (1) 5.33 the bowl 4. very little evidence for borrowing
thùai ( Lao )
khob 5.35 the cup 4. very little evidence for borrowing
phaj 5.36 the saucer 1. clearly borrowed
diav 5.37 the spoon 5. no evidence for borrowing
riam 5.38 the knife(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
diav rawg 5.39 the fork 5. no evidence for borrowing
ciaj 5.391 the tongs 2. probably borrowed
tus tais nqaij 5.391 the tongs 5. no evidence for borrowing
pluas mov 5.41 the meal 5. no evidence for borrowing
noj tshais 5.42 the breakfast 5. no evidence for borrowing
noj su, noj-sus 5.43 the lunch 5. no evidence for borrowing
noj hmo 5.44 the dinner 5. no evidence for borrowing
noj hmo 5.45 the supper 5. no evidence for borrowing
tev 5.46 to peel 5. no evidence for borrowing
laws 5.46 to peel 5. no evidence for borrowing
lim (2) 5.47 to sieve or to strain 5. no evidence for borrowing
kuam 5.48 to scrape 1. clearly borrowed
do 5.49 to stir or to mix 5. no evidence for borrowing
sib-xyaws 5.49 to stir or to mix 3. perhaps borrowed
tov 5.49 to stir or to mix 5. no evidence for borrowing
khob cij 5.51 the bread 1. clearly borrowed
ncuav ci 5.51 the bread 5. no evidence for borrowing
zuaj 5.54 to knead 2. probably borrowed
hmoov nplej 5.55 the flour 5. no evidence for borrowing
zom 5.56 to crush or to grind 5. no evidence for borrowing
zeb 5.57 the mill 4. very little evidence for borrowing
tshuaj khib 5.58 the mortar(1) 5. no evidence for borrowing
qws txob 5.59 the pestle 5. no evidence for borrowing
nqaij 5.61 the meat 5. no evidence for borrowing
hnyuv ntxwm 5.63 the sausage 5. no evidence for borrowing
kua zaub 5.64 the soup 5. no evidence for borrowing
zaub 5.65 the vegetables 3. perhaps borrowed
taum 5.66 the bean 2. probably borrowed
qos yaj ywm 5.7 the potato 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv (2) 5.71 the fruit 5. no evidence for borrowing
rev 5.712 the bunch 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsuag 5.712 the bunch 5. no evidence for borrowing
thij 5.712 the bunch 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv cev nplaum 5.75 the fig 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv cua 5.75 the fig 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv hmab 5.76 the grape 5. no evidence for borrowing
noob txiv 5.77 the nut 5. no evidence for borrowing
roj 5.79 the oil 5. no evidence for borrowing
roj 5.791 the grease or fat 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntsev 5.81 the salt 5. no evidence for borrowing
hwj txob 5.82 the pepper 1. clearly borrowed
kua txob 5.821 the chili pepper 5. no evidence for borrowing
zib-mu 5.84 the honey 5. no evidence for borrowing
piam thaj 5.85 the sugar 1. clearly borrowed
mis 5.86 the milk 5. no evidence for borrowing
tso kua mis 5.87 to milk 5. no evidence for borrowing
dej 5.9 the drink 3. perhaps borrowed
npias 5.93 the beer 1. clearly borrowed
bìa ( Lao )
< bière ( French )
cawv 5.94 the fermented drink 1. clearly borrowed
qe 5.97 the egg 5. no evidence for borrowing
nkaub 5.971 the yolk 5. no evidence for borrowing
hnav 6.11 to put on 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntoo (2) 6.11 to put on 5. no evidence for borrowing
rau (2) 6.11 to put on 2. probably borrowed
khaub ncaws 6.12 the clothing or clothes 5. no evidence for borrowing
ris tsho 6.12 the clothing or clothes 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntaub 6.21 the cloth 5. no evidence for borrowing
paj rwb 6.24 the cotton 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntaub kab 6.25 the silk 5. no evidence for borrowing
plaub (1) 6.28 the fur 5. no evidence for borrowing
tawv (1) 6.29 the leather 5. no evidence for borrowing
saws 6.31 to spin 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntxaiv 6.32 the spindle 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntos 6.33 to weave 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntos 6.34 the loom 5. no evidence for borrowing
xaws 6.35 to sew 5. no evidence for borrowing
koob 6.36 the needle(1) 3. perhaps borrowed
xov 6.38 the thread 5. no evidence for borrowing
zas 6.39 to dye 1. clearly borrowed
cev tiab 6.42 the (woman's) dress 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsho tiv no 6.43 the coat 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsho loj 6.43 the coat 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsho 6.44 the shirt 5. no evidence for borrowing
dab-tshos 6.45 the collar 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntsej-tshos 6.45 the collar 5. no evidence for borrowing
tiab 6.46 the skirt 5. no evidence for borrowing
ris (1) 6.48 the trousers 5. no evidence for borrowing
thom khwm 6.49 the sock or stocking 1. clearly borrowed
thoom thaub 6.49 the sock or stocking 1. clearly borrowed
khau 6.51 the shoe 2. probably borrowed
kaus mom 6.55 the hat or cap 5. no evidence for borrowing
siv 6.57 the belt 5. no evidence for borrowing
hnab tes 6.58 the glove 5. no evidence for borrowing
hnab 6.61 the pocket 3. perhaps borrowed
khawm 6.62 the button 1. clearly borrowed
koob 6.63 the pin 3. perhaps borrowed
nplhaib 6.73 the ring 5. no evidence for borrowing
kauj-toog npab 6.74 the bracelet 5. no evidence for borrowing
xauv tes 6.74 the bracelet 5. no evidence for borrowing
xauv 6.75 the necklace 1. clearly borrowed
saw 6.75 the necklace 5. no evidence for borrowing
hlaws 6.76 the bead 5. no evidence for borrowing
qhws ntsej 6.77 the earring 5. no evidence for borrowing
hauv phuam 6.78 the headband or headdress 5. no evidence for borrowing
khaub hlab 6.81 the handkerchief or rag 5. no evidence for borrowing
phuam 6.81 the handkerchief or rag 1. clearly borrowed
pà ( Chinese )
phuam da dej 6.82 the towel 5. no evidence for borrowing
zuag 6.91 the comb 5. no evidence for borrowing
zuag 6.92 the brush 5. no evidence for borrowing
yiv tws 6.921 the plait/braid 5. no evidence for borrowing
chais 6.93 the razor 5. no evidence for borrowing
tshuaj pleev 6.94 the ointment 5. no evidence for borrowing
xus npus, xum npum 6.95 the soap 1. clearly borrowed
sa-buu ( Lao )
< savon ( French )
iav 6.96 the mirror 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsom iav 6.96 the mirror 5. no evidence for borrowing
nyob 7.11 to live 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsev 7.12 the house 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsev pheeb suab 7.13 the hut 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsev teb 7.131 the garden-house 5. no evidence for borrowing
vaj 7.15 the yard or court 2. probably borrowed
chav 7.21 the room 2. probably borrowed
hoob 7.21 the room 1. clearly borrowed
hɔ̀ŋ ( Lao )
qhov-rooj 7.22 the door or gate 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntsuas phoo 7.23 the lock 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntsia liaj qhov-rooj 7.231 the latch or door-bolt 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntsuas phoo 7.232 the padlock 5. no evidence for borrowing
yaum sij 7.24 the key 1. clearly borrowed
kas ces 7.24 the key 1. clearly borrowed
qhov-rais 7.25 the window 5. no evidence for borrowing
pem teb 7.26 the floor 5. no evidence for borrowing
phab ntsa 7.27 the wall 5. no evidence for borrowing
qhov-txos 7.31 the fireplace 1. clearly borrowed
qhov-cub 7.31 the fireplace 5. no evidence for borrowing
qhov-txos 7.32 the stove 1. clearly borrowed
qhov-cub 7.32 the stove 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntaiv 7.37 the ladder 4. very little evidence for borrowing
txaj 7.42 the bed 5. no evidence for borrowing
hauv ncoo 7.421 the pillow 5. no evidence for borrowing
pam 7.422 the blanket 4. very little evidence for borrowing
rooj zaum 7.43 the chair 5. no evidence for borrowing
tog (1) 7.43 the chair 5. no evidence for borrowing
rooj 7.44 the table 3. perhaps borrowed
teeb (1) 7.45 the lamp or torch 1. clearly borrowed
tsau 7.45 the lamp or torch 5. no evidence for borrowing
tswm ciab 7.46 the candle 5. no evidence for borrowing
thees khaim 7.46 the candle 1. clearly borrowed
txee 7.47 the shelf 5. no evidence for borrowing
dab (1) 7.48 the trough 5. no evidence for borrowing
lub-ru tsev 7.51 the roof 5. no evidence for borrowing
nqeeb 7.52 the thatch 5. no evidence for borrowing
nqaj-ru 7.53 the ridgepole 5. no evidence for borrowing
qhab-tse 7.54 the rafter 5. no evidence for borrowing
nqaj-tse 7.55 the beam 5. no evidence for borrowing
tswg 7.56 the post or pole 2. probably borrowed
ncej 7.56 the post or pole 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiag 7.57 the board 5. no evidence for borrowing
koov 7.58 the arch 3. perhaps borrowed
khôoŋ ( Lao )
thawv cib, thwv cib 7.62 the brick 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsev av 7.64 the adobe 5. no evidence for borrowing
yeej thoj nam 7.65 the camp 5. no evidence for borrowing
txaj viav-vias 7.66 the hammock 5. no evidence for borrowing
lom 7.67 to tan 5. no evidence for borrowing
teb (1) 8.12 the field 4. very little evidence for borrowing
liaj 8.121 the paddy 2. probably borrowed
vaj 8.13 the garden 2. probably borrowed
laj kab 8.16 the fence 1. clearly borrowed
kwj 8.17 the ditch 2. probably borrowed
laij 8.21 to plough/plow 1. clearly borrowed
khawb 8.22 to dig 5. no evidence for borrowing
dawj 8.22 to dig 5. no evidence for borrowing
nthua 8.22 to dig 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuam txhob 8.23 the spade 5. no evidence for borrowing
hlau 8.25 the hoe 1. clearly borrowed
kaus nplooj 8.27 the rake 5. no evidence for borrowing
pas cog nplej 8.28 the digging stick (=yamstick) 5. no evidence for borrowing
tseb 8.31 to sow 5. no evidence for borrowing
noob 8.311 the seed 5. no evidence for borrowing
luaj nroj 8.32 to mow 5. no evidence for borrowing
liag 8.33 the sickle or scythe 1. clearly borrowed
ntaus 8.34 to thresh 5. no evidence for borrowing
chaw ntaus nplej 8.35 the threshing-floor 5. no evidence for borrowing
sau (1) 8.41 the harvest 1. clearly borrowed
mog 8.43 the wheat 2. probably borrowed
mò ( Chinese )
pobkws 8.47 the maize/corn 5. no evidence for borrowing
nplej 8.48 the rice 4. very little evidence for borrowing
nyom 8.51 the grass 5. no evidence for borrowing
nyom qhuav 8.52 the hay 5. no evidence for borrowing
nroj tsuag 8.53 the plant 5. no evidence for borrowing
cog 8.531 to plant 2. probably borrowed
cag 8.54 the root 5. no evidence for borrowing
ceg 8.55 the branch 5. no evidence for borrowing
nplooj 8.56 the leaf 4. very little evidence for borrowing
paj 8.57 the flower 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntoo 8.6 the tree 3. perhaps borrowed
ntoo qhib 8.61 the oak 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntoo thuv 8.64 the pine 5. no evidence for borrowing
noob txiv qhib 8.66 the acorn 5. no evidence for borrowing
hmab 8.67 the vine 3. perhaps borrowed
luam yeeb 8.68 the tobacco 5. no evidence for borrowing
haus 8.69 to smoke 1. clearly borrowed
yeeb thooj 8.691 the pipe 5. no evidence for borrowing
yeeb nkab 8.691 the pipe 5. no evidence for borrowing
hauv paus ntoo 8.72 the tree stump 5. no evidence for borrowing
cev ntoo 8.73 the tree trunk 5. no evidence for borrowing
nkhib ntoo 8.74 the forked branch 5. no evidence for borrowing
tawv (1) 8.75 the bark 5. no evidence for borrowing
kua ntoo 8.76 the sap 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntoo peeb lab 8.81 the palm tree 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntoo kuj yem 8.81 the palm tree 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiv maj phaub, txiv maj phob 8.82 the coconut 1. clearly borrowed
txiv kab-ntxwv 8.83 the citrus fruit 1. clearly borrowed
txiv tsawb 8.84 the banana 1. clearly borrowed
ntoo faj khaum 8.85 the banyan 5. no evidence for borrowing
qos liab 8.91 the sweet potato 5. no evidence for borrowing
pias 8.911 the millet or sorghum 3. perhaps borrowed
qos liab 8.912 the yam 5. no evidence for borrowing
qos ntoo 8.92 the cassava/manioc 5. no evidence for borrowing
taub 8.93 the gourd 3. perhaps borrowed
taub-dag 8.931 the pumpkin or squash 5. no evidence for borrowing
xwb kuab 8.931 the pumpkin or squash 5. no evidence for borrowing
xyoob 8.94 the bamboo 2. probably borrowed
kab tsib 8.941 the sugar cane 1. clearly borrowed
tshuaj lom 8.96 the fish poison 5. no evidence for borrowing
nceb 8.98 the mushroom 2. probably borrowed
ua 9.11 to do 5. no evidence for borrowing
ua 9.111 to make 5. no evidence for borrowing
hauj lwm 9.12 the work 1. clearly borrowed
num 9.12 the work 5. no evidence for borrowing
nkhaus 9.14 to bend 3. perhaps borrowed
tais (2) 9.15 to fold 5. no evidence for borrowing
quav 9.15 to fold 5. no evidence for borrowing
khi 9.16 to tie 2. probably borrowed
jì ( Chinese )
daws 9.161 to untie 5. no evidence for borrowing
saw hlau 9.18 the chain 5. no evidence for borrowing
hlua 9.19 the rope 5. no evidence for borrowing
pob-caus 9.192 the knot 5. no evidence for borrowing
rhaus 9.192 the knot 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntaus 9.21 to strike or hit or beat 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuav (1) 9.211 to pound 1. clearly borrowed
ntaus 9.211 to pound 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiav 9.22 to cut 3. perhaps borrowed
ntov 9.221 to cut down 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsuav 9.222 to chop 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiav 9.222 to chop 3. perhaps borrowed
nkaug 9.223 to stab 5. no evidence for borrowing
nplhos 9.223 to stab 5. no evidence for borrowing
riam 9.23 the knife(2) 5. no evidence for borrowing
txiab 9.24 the scissors or shears 2. probably borrowed
taus 9.25 the axe/ax 5. no evidence for borrowing
piab 9.251 the adze 3. perhaps borrowed
tawg 9.26 to break 5. no evidence for borrowing
piam 9.261 broken 2. probably borrowed
tawg 9.261 broken 5. no evidence for borrowing
phua 9.27 to split 1. clearly borrowed
dua (1) 9.28 to tear 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntuag 9.28 to tear 5. no evidence for borrowing
laws tawv 9.29 to skin 5. no evidence for borrowing
mos 9.31 to rub 3. perhaps borrowed
mó ( Chinese )
so (2) 9.311 to wipe 5. no evidence for borrowing
rub 9.32 to stretch 5. no evidence for borrowing
rub 9.33 to pull 5. no evidence for borrowing
pua (1) 9.34 to spread out 1. clearly borrowed
khuam 9.341 to hang up 1. clearly borrowed
dai 9.341 to hang up 5. no evidence for borrowing
tswm 9.342 to press 5. no evidence for borrowing
nyem 9.343 to squeeze 5. no evidence for borrowing
hliv 9.35 to pour 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntxuav 9.36 to wash 1. clearly borrowed
cheb 9.37 to sweep 5. no evidence for borrowing
khaub rhuab 9.38 the broom 5. no evidence for borrowing
cuab tam 9.422 the tool 5. no evidence for borrowing
txua 9.44 to build 3. perhaps borrowed
tshau 9.46 to bore 2. probably borrowed
ua khoob 9.461 to hollow out 5. no evidence for borrowing
kaw (1) 9.48 the saw 1. clearly borrowed
rauj 9.49 the hammer 1. clearly borrowed
ntsia (1) 9.5 the nail 3. perhaps borrowed
yaas kaus 9.56 the glue 1. clearly borrowed
kws ntaus hlau 9.6 the blacksmith 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntaus hlau 9.61 to forge 5. no evidence for borrowing
thaiv 9.62 the anvil 5. no evidence for borrowing
nchuav hlau 9.63 to cast 5. no evidence for borrowing
kub (3) 9.64 the gold 1. clearly borrowed
nyiaj 9.65 the silver 1. clearly borrowed
tooj 9.66 the copper 1. clearly borrowed
hlau 9.67 the iron 1. clearly borrowed
txhuas 9.68 the lead 5. no evidence for borrowing
puab 9.72 to mould/mold 5. no evidence for borrowing
av nplaum 9.73 the clay 5. no evidence for borrowing
iav 9.74 the glass 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntxias (1) 9.75 to weave or plait/braid 1. clearly borrowed
hiab 9.75 to weave or plait/braid 5. no evidence for borrowing
pob-tawb 9.76 the basket 5. no evidence for borrowing
lev 9.77 the mat 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntxuam 9.79 the fan 4. very little evidence for borrowing
ntxuaj 9.791 to fan 4. very little evidence for borrowing
txaug 9.81 to carve 1. clearly borrowed
txua 9.81 to carve 3. perhaps borrowed
mlom 9.83 the statue 5. no evidence for borrowing
txaug 9.84 the chisel 1. clearly borrowed
xim 9.88 the paint 1. clearly borrowed
sii ( Lao )
pleev xim 9.89 to paint 5. no evidence for borrowing
ce 9.9 to draw water 5. no evidence for borrowing
pas 9.91 the peg 5. no evidence for borrowing
zeb-ho 9.93 the whetstone 5. no evidence for borrowing
txav 10.11 to move 5. no evidence for borrowing
tig 10.12 to turn 5. no evidence for borrowing
tig cev 10.13 to turn around 5. no evidence for borrowing
qhwv 10.14 to wrap 4. very little evidence for borrowing
dov 10.15 to roll 5. no evidence for borrowing
ua poob 10.16 to drop 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntswj 10.17 to twist 5. no evidence for borrowing
sawv 10.21 to rise 5. no evidence for borrowing
ev 10.99903 to carry on the back 5. no evidence for borrowing
ris (2) 10.99903 to carry on the back 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsa 10.22 to raise or lift 5. no evidence for borrowing
poob 10.23 to fall 2. probably borrowed
nrog (1) 10.24 to drip 3. perhaps borrowed
pov 10.25 to throw 3. perhaps borrowed
txais (1) 10.252 to catch 5. no evidence for borrowing
co 10.26 to shake 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntws 10.32 to flow 5. no evidence for borrowing
tog (2) 10.33 to sink 5. no evidence for borrowing
ntab 10.34 to float 5. no evidence for borrowing
ua luam dej 10.35 to swim 5. no evidence for borrowing
txaws 10.352 to splash 5. no evidence for borrowing
ya 10.37 to fly 5. no evidence for borrowing
tshuab (1) 10.38 to blow 5. no evidence for borrowing
nkag 10.41 to crawl 5. no evidence for borrowing
kem caug 10.412 to kneel 5. no evidence for borrowing
txhos caug 10.412 to kneel 5. no evidence for borrowing
caws 10.413 to crouch 5. no evidence for borrowing
swb (1) 10.42 to slide or slip 5. no evidence for borrowing
dhia 10.43 to jump 5. no evidence for borrowing
ncaws 10.431 to kick 5. no evidence for borrowing
las voos 10.44 to dance 1. clearly borrowed
taug kev 10.45 to walk 5. no evidence for borrowing
ceg tawv 10.451 to limp 5. no evidence for borrowing
khiav 10.46 to run 5. no evidence for borrowing
mus 10.47 to go 5. no evidence for borrowing
nce 10.471 to go up 5. no evidence for borrowing
nce 10.472 to climb 5. no evidence for borrowing
nqis, nqes 10.473 to go down 2. probably borrowed
tawm mus 10.474 to go out 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuaj 10.48 to come 5. no evidence for borrowing
rov qab los 10.481 to come back 5. no evidence for borrowing
lawm 10.49 to leave 5. no evidence for borrowing
ploj 10.491 to disappear 5. no evidence for borrowing
khiav mus 10.51 to flee 5. no evidence for borrowing
lawv qab 10.52 to follow 5. no evidence for borrowing
raws qab 10.52 to follow 5. no evidence for borrowing
caum 10.53 to pursue 5. no evidence for borrowing
raws qab 10.53 to pursue 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuaj txog 10.55 to arrive 5. no evidence for borrowing
los txog 10.55 to arrive 5. no evidence for borrowing
mus kom ze 10.56 to approach 5. no evidence for borrowing
nkag 10.57 to enter 5. no evidence for borrowing
los (2) 10.58 to go or return home 5. no evidence for borrowing
nqa 10.61 to carry 5. no evidence for borrowing
nqa 10.612 to carry in hand 5. no evidence for borrowing
kwv (2) 10.613 to carry on shoulder 5. no evidence for borrowing
coj tuaj 10.62 to bring 5. no evidence for borrowing
nqa tuaj 10.62 to bring 5. no evidence for borrowing
xa 10.63 to send 1. clearly borrowed
coj 10.64 to lead 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsav 10.65 to drive 1. clearly borrowed
caij (1) 10.66 to ride 1. clearly borrowed
thawb 10.67 to push 2. probably borrowed
kev 10.71 the road 5. no evidence for borrowing
kev 10.72 the path 5. no evidence for borrowing
choj 10.74 the bridge 1. clearly borrowed
laub 10.75 the cart or wagon 1. clearly borrowed
lot ( Lao )
log 10.76 the wheel 3. perhaps borrowed
qag 10.77 the axle 5. no evidence for borrowing
nkoj 10.81 the ship 4. very little evidence for borrowing
nkoj 10.83 the boat 4. very little evidence for borrowing
phuaj 10.84 the raft 2. probably borrowed
fú ( Chinese )
duav (2) 10.85 the oar 5. no evidence for borrowing
duav (2) 10.851 the paddle 5. no evidence for borrowing
nquam 10.852 to row 5. no evidence for borrowing
tw nkoj 10.86 the rudder 5. no evidence for borrowing
thauj tog rau nkoj 10.89 the anchor 5. no evidence for borrowing
tsaws 10.92 to land 5. no evidence for borrowing
muaj 11.11 to have 5. no evidence for borrowing
muaj 11.12 to own 5. no evidence for borrowing
muab 11.13 to take 5. no evidence for borrowing
muab 11.14 to grasp 5. no evidence for borrowing
tuav (2) 11.15 to hold 5. no evidence for borrowing
puag 11.15 to hold 3. perhaps borrowed
tau 11.16 to get 1. clearly borrowed
khaws 11.17 to keep 5. no evidence for borrowing
qhov 11.18 the thing 1. clearly borrowed
muab rau 11.21 to give 5. no evidence for borrowing
pub 11.21 to give 5. no evidence for borrowing
xa rov qab 11.22 to give back 5. no evidence for borrowing
txuag 11.24 to preserve 5. no evidence for borrowing
khaws cia 11.24 to preserve 5. no evidence for borrowing
cawm 11.25 to rescue 1. clearly borrowed
puas ntsoog 11.27 to destroy 5. no evidence for borrowing
ua raug mob 11.28 to injure 5. no evidence for borrowing
ua puas tsuaj 11.29 to damage 5. no evidence for borrowing
nrhiav 11.31 to look for 2. probably borrowed
nrhiav tau 11.32 to find 5. no evidence for borrowing
ua pawv 11.33 to lose 5. no evidence for borrowing
tso 11.34 to let go 5. no evidence for borrowing
nyiaj 11.43 the money 1. clearly borrowed
npib 11.44 the coin 1. clearly borrowed
bì ( Chinese )
nplua nuj 11.51 rich 5. no evidence for borrowing
txom nyem 11.52 poor 3. perhaps borrowed