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Borrowed status
Borrowed status
1. Very little evidence for copying: We classified items into this category in three cases: a) When the word did not have a Turkic etymology and thus did not appear to have been inherited, but when we were unable to find a model for it; these words may therefore actually represent innovations in Sakha. b) When competing opinions have been voiced in the literature as to the copied vs. non-copied status of the word. c) When the word did not have a Turkic etymology, and the putative model words (from a formal point of view) differ so greatly in meaning that it is hard to make a case for copying. 2. Perhaps copied: We classified items into this category in the following cases: a) When the overlap in meanings between the proposed model and the copy was rather tenuous, requiring convoluted explanations. b) When the formal match was not good, but when copying had been proposed by others. c) Items that could either have been derived in Sakha from copied words (in which case they would have been classified as ‘no evidence for copying’), or that could have been copied as a whole (in which case they would have been classified as ‘probably’ or ‘clearly copied’). d) Items where the phonology indicates that they may have been copied, e.g. words beginning with a s- in Sakha that have Turkic cognates also beginning with an s-. Since Turkic word-initial s- has been lost in Sakha, the retention of s- is indicative of a late copy from some Turkic language. 3. Probably copied: In this category we classified words that have been suggested as copies and the phonology of which are also indicative of copying, but where the formal and semantic overlap with the model word is not perfect. We also classified words in this category that have been suggested as ancient copies into Proto-Turkic, or that seem to be copied from Ket and Selkup, where nothing is really known about the contact situation. 4. Clearly copied: Words that are clearly copied with a good formal and semantic match to the model language. Note: When the only ‘derivation’ that had taken place on copied verbs was the addition of the causative suffix (to make the verb transitive) these were classified as ‘clearly copied’, even though in general derived forms were classified as not having been copied. The reason is that in these cases the causative suffix does not effect a change in meaning (i.e. these are not ‘real’ causatives), only in the syntactic valency of the verb. |
1. clearly borrowed |
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| Source words: | |
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Reference(s)
Reference(s)
Afanas’ev, P.S. & Xaritonov, L.N. (eds.). 1968. Russko-jakutskij slovar’. [Russian-Yakut dictionary.] Moscow: Izdatel’stvo ‘Sovetskaja Ėnciklopedija’. Anikin, Aleksandr Evgen’evič. 2000. Ėtimologičeskij slovar’ russkix dialektov Sibiri. Zaimstvovanija iz ural’skix, altajskix i paleoaziatskix jazykov. [Etymological dictionary of the Russian dialects of Siberia. Borrowings from Uralic, Altaic and Palaeoasiatic languages.] Moscow, Novosibirsk: ‘Nauka’. ——. 2003. Ėtimologičeskij slovar’ russkix zaimstvovanijax v jazykax Sibiri. [Etymological dictionary of the Russian borrowings in the languages of Siberia.] Novosibirsk: ‘Nauka’. Antonov, N.K. 1971. Materialy po istoričeskoj leksike jakutskogo jazyka. [Materials on the historical lexicon of Yakut.] Yakutsk: Jakutskoe knižnoe izdatel’stvo. Böhtlingk, Otto. 1964 [1851]. Über die Sprache der Jakuten. Grammatik, Text und Wörterbuch. Facsimile reprint. Indiana University Publications, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 35. The Hague: Mouton & Co. Čeremisov, Konstantin Mixajlovič. 1973. Burjatsko-russkij slovar’. [Buryat-Russian dictionary.] Moscow: Izdatel’stvo ‘Sovetskaja Ėnciklopedija’. Cincius, Vera Ivanovna (ed.). 1975. Sravnitel’nyj slovar’ tunguso-man’čžurskix jazykov. Materialy k ėtimologičeskomu slovarju. [Comparative dictionary of the Tungusic languages. Materials for an etymological dictionary.] Vol. 1: A-Ŋ. Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’, Leningradskoe otdelenie. ——. 1977. Sravnitel’nyj slovar’ tunguso-man’čžurskix jazykov. Materialy k ėtimologičeskomu slovarju. [Comparative dictionary of the Tungusic languages. Materials for an etymological dictionary.] Vol. 2: O-Ė. Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’, Leningradskoe otdelenie. Cydendambaeva, C.B. (ed.). 1954. Russko=buryat-mongol’skij slovar’. [Russian-Buryat dictionary.] Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo inostrannyx i nacional’nyx slovarej. Damdinsurėn, C. & Luvsandėndėv, A. 1982. Russko-mongol’skij slovar’. [Russian- Mongolian dictionary.] Ulan-Bator: Gosizdat. Erdélyi, István. 1997 [1970]. Selkupisches Wörterverzeichnis. Uralic and Altaic Series vol. 103. Reprinted Richmond: Curzon Press. ESTJ: Ėtimologičeskij slovar’ tjurkskix jazykov. [Etymological dictionary of the Turkic languages.] 1974. Sevortjan, Ėrvand Vladimirovič. Obščetjurkskie i mežtjurkskie osnovy na glasnye. [Common Turkic and Middle Turkic roots beginning in vowels.] Moscow: Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’. 1978. Sevortjan, Ėrvand Vladimirovič. Obščetjurkskie i mežtjurkskie osnovy na bukvu “B”. [Common Turkic and Middle Turkic roots beginning with the letter “B”.] Moscow: Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’. 1980. Sevortjan, Ėrvand Vladimirovič. Obščetjurkskie i mežtjurkskie osnovy na bukvy “V”, “G”, i “D”. [Common Turkic and Middle Turkic roots beginning with the letters “V”, “G”, and “D”.] Moscow: Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’. 1989. ed. by Levitskaja, L.S. Obščetjurkskie i mežtjurkskie osnovy na bukvy “Dʒ”, “Ž”, i “J”. [Common Turkic and Middle Turkic roots beginning with the letters “Dʒ”, “Ž”, and “J”.] Moscow: ‘Nauka’. 1997. Levitskaja, L.S., Dybo A.V. & Rassadin, V.I. Obščetjurkskie i mežtjurkskie leksičeskie osnovy na bukvy “K”, “Q”. [Common Turkic and Middle Turkic lexical roots beginning with the letters “K”, “Q”.] Moscow: “Jazyki Russkoj Kul’tury”. 2000. ed. by Blagova, G.F. Obščetjurkskie i mežtjurkskie leksičeskie osnovy na bukvu “K”. [Common Turkic and Middle Turkic lexical roots beginning with the letter “K”.] Moscow: Izdatel’stvo ‘Indrik’. 2003. ed. by Dybo, A.V. Obščetjurkskie i mežtjurkskie leksičeskie osnovy na bukvy L, M, N, P, S. [Common Turkic and Middle Turkic lexical roots beginning with the letters L, M, N, P, S.] Moscow: Izdatel’skaja firma ‘Vostočnaja literatura’ RAN. Forsyth, James. 1992. A History of the Peoples of Siberia. Russia’s North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Grammatika sovremennogo jakutskogo literaturnogo jazyka. 1982. [Grammar of the modern Yakut literary language.] Moscow: Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’. Isxakov, F.G. 1962. Opyt sravnitel’nogo slovarja sovremennyx tjurkskix jazykov. Slova, svjazannye s anatomiej čeloveka, životnyx i ptic. [An attempt at a comparative dictionary of the modern Turkic languages. Words connected with the anatomy of humans, animals, and birds.] In: Dmitriev, N.K. & Baskakov, N.A. (eds.): Issledovanija po sravnitel’noj grammatike tjurkskix jazykov. Čast’ četvertaja. Leksika. [Studies in the comparative grammar of Turkic languages. Part 4. Lexicon. ] Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR. Johanson, Lars. 1992. Strukturelle Faktoren in türkischen Sprachkontakten. Sitzungsberichte der wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Band XXIX, Nr. 5. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. Lessing, Ferdinand D. (ed.). 1995. Mongolian-English Dictionary. Third reprinting with minor type-corrections. Bloomington, Indiana: The Mongolia Society, Inc. Maslova, Elena Sergeevna & Vaxtin, Nikolaj Borisovič. 1996. The Far North-East of Russia. In: Wurm, Stephen A., Mühlhäusler, Peter & Tryon, Darrell T. (eds): Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter: 999-1001. Kałużyński, Stanisław. 1995. IACUTICA. Prace jakutoznawcze. [IACUTICA. Yakutological studies.] Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Akademickie DIALOG. Öztopçu, Kurtuluş, Abuov, Zhoumagaly, Kambarov, Nasir & Azemoun, Youssef. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic Languages. London, New York: Routledge. Ožegov, Sergej Ivanovič & Švedova, Natalija Jul’evna. 1992. Tolkovyj slovar’ russkogo jazyka. [Explanatory dictionary of Russian.] Moscow: ‘Az’ Ltd. Nadeljaev, Vladimir M. 1969. Drevnetjurkskij slovar’. [Old Turkic dictionary.] Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’. Pakendorf, Brigitte. 2007. Contact in the prehistory of the Sakha (Yakuts): Linguistic and genetic perspectives. LOT Dissertation series 170. Utrecht: LOT. Pakendorf, Brigitte; Novgorodov, Innokentij N.; Osakovskij, Vladimir L.; Danilova, Al’bina P.; Protod’jakonov, Artur P.; Stoneking, Mark (2006): Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts. Human Genetics 120/3: 334-353. Pekarskij, Ėdvard Karlovič 1958-1959 [1907-1930]. Slovar’ jakutskogo jazyka. [Dictionary of Yakut.] Facsimile reprint of the first edition. No place indicated: Otdelenie literatury i jazyka Akademii Nauk SSSR, Jakutskij filial Akademii Nauk SSSR. Pjurbeev, G.C. (ed.). 2001. Bol’šoj akademičeskij mongol’sko-russkij slovar’. [Large academic Mongolian-Russian dictionary.] Vols. 1-3. Moscow: ‘Academia’. ——. 2002. Bol’šoj akademičeskij mongol’sko-russkij slovar’. [Large academic Mongolian-Russian dictionary.] Vol. 4. Moscow: ‘Academia’. Popov, Gavriil Vasil’evič. 1986. Slova ‘neizvestnogo proisxoždenija’ jakutskogo jazyka. (Sravnitel’no-istoričeskoe issledovanie.) [The words of ‘unkown origin’ in Yakut. A comparative-historical study.] Yakutsk: Jakutskoe knižnoe izdatel’stvo. ——. 2003. Ėtimologičeskij slovar’ jakutskogo jazyka. A-Dʒ. [Etymological dictionary of Yakut. A-Dʒ.] Novosibirsk: ‘Nauka’. Poppe, Nicholas. 1954. Grammar of Written Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 4th unrevised reprinting: 1991. Radloff, Wilhelm. 1960 [1893-1911]. Versuch eines Wörterbuchs der Türk-Dialekte. ‚s- Gravenhage: Mouton & Co. Photomechanischer Nachdruck. Originally: vol. 1 = 1893; vol. 2 = 1899; vol. 3 = 1905; vol. 4 = 1911 Räsänen, Martti. 1969. Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. Ramstedt, Gustav J. 1935. Kalmückisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. Rassadin, Valentin Ivanovič. 1980. Mongolo-burjatskie zaimstvovanija v sibirskix tjurkskix jazykax. [Mongolo-Buryat borrowings in the Turkic languages of Siberia.] Moscow: ‘Nauka’. Ščerbak, Aleksandr Mixajlovič. 1961. Nazvanija domašnix i dikix životnyx. [Names of domesticated and wild animals.] In: Ubrjatova, E.I. (ed): Istoričeskoe razvitie leksiki tjurkskix jazykov: 82-172. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR. ——. 1970. Sravnitel’naja fonetika tjurkskix jazykov. [Comparative phonetics of the Turkic languages.] Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’, Leningradskoe otdelenie. ——. 1977. Očerki po sravnitel’noj morfologii tjurkskix jazykov (imja). [Notes on the comparative morphology of the Turkic languages (noun).] Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’, Leningradskoe otdelenie. ––––. 1981. Očerki po sravnitel’noj morfologii tjurkskix jazykov (glagol). [Notes on the comparative morphology of the Turkic languages (verb).] Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’, Leningradskoe otdelenie. ––––. 1994. Vvedenie v sravnitel’noe izučenie tjurkskix jazykov. [Introduction to comparative Turkic studies.] St-Petersburg: ‘Nauka’. ——. 1997. Rannie tjurksko-mongol’skie jazykovye svjazi (VIII-XIV). [Early Turko- Mongolic linguistic contacts (8th – 14th century).] St-Petersburg: ILI RAN. ——. 2005. Tjurksko-mongol’skie jazykovye kontakty v istorii mongol’skix jazykov. [Turkic-Mongolic language contact in the history of the Mongolic languages.] St.Petersburg: ‘Nauka’. Seroševskij, Vaclav Leopol’dovič. 1993 [1896]. Jakuty. [The Yakuts.] Reprinted Moscow: ‘Rossijskaja političeskaja ėnciklopedija’. Sidorov, Boris Ignat’evič. 2005. Znaete li vy ptic Jakutii? [Do you know the birds of Yakutia?] Yakutsk: Bičik. Slepcov, P.A. (ed.). 1972. Jakutsko-russkij slovar’. [Yakut-Russian dictionary.] Moscow: Izdatel’stvo ‘Sovetskaja Ėnciklopedija’. ——. 2004. Tolkovyj slovar’ jakutskogo jazyka. Tom I (Bukva A). [Explanatory dictionary of Yakut. Vol. 12 (letter A).] Novosibirsk: ‘Nauka’. ——. 2005. Tolkovyj slovar’ jakutskogo jazyka. Tom II (Bukva B). [Explanatory dictionary of Yakut. Vol. 2 (letter B).] Novosibirsk: ‘Nauka’. Stachowski, Marek. 1995. Jakutisch und dolganisch mas ‘Baum’. Central Asiatic Journal 39/2: 270-274. Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg with the assistance of Ilya Gruntov and Vladimir Glumov. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden, Boston: Brill. Tenišev, Ė.R. (ed.) 2001. Sravnitel’no-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov. Leksika. [Comparative-historical grammar of the Turkic languages. Lexicon.] 2nd, updated edition. Moscow: ‘Nauka’. Vasmer (online 05.07.2006, http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Cie%5Cvasmer&first=1&text_word=%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD&method_word=substring&text_general=&method_general=substring&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word) Xaritonov, L.N. 1954. Tipy glagol’noj osnovy v jakutskom jazyke. [Types of verb roots in Yakut.] Moscow, Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR. Zebek, Schalonow, unter Mitarbeit von Prof. Dr. Johannes Schubert. 1961. Mongolisch- Deutsches Wörterbuch. Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie. |
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| Effect: | Coexistence |
| Salience: | Present in pre-contact environment |
| Contact situation: |
Russian traders, tribute collectors, government officials
Russian traders, tribute collectors, government officials
In this period, contact with Russians was limited predominantly to collectors of tribute payments, traders, government officials, missionaries, and later on, political exiles. In the early years of Russian colonization, contact was minimal; in the 18th and 19th centuries it would have been somewhat more intense. However, in this period a number of Russians living in Yakutia spoke Sakha, which became the lingua franca of the region (Forsyth 1992: 165; Maslova & Vaxtin 1996). Thus, during this time period the contact was mainly cultural, with the importation of a number of previously unknown items (bread, tobacco, firearms, vodka, books, etc). |
paːr
a word from Vocabulary Sakha
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Word form
Word form
In the vocabulary we excluded words that are restricted to individual dialects. |
paːr |
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| LWT meaning(s): | |
| Analyzability: | unanalyzable |
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Age
Age
It should be noted that the ages given in the database are very approximate! This holds especially for “Proto-Turkic”, for which no observed data exists, and the age of which is debated. For Evenki copies we assume that they took place after the 13th/14th century, but we do not know when Sakha may have stopped copying words from the indigenous languages. |
[help]
Pre-Soviet Russian
In this category we included Russian loanwords that we found in Pekarskij ([1907-1930] 1958-1959), and we cite Pekarskij for words that are borrowed from Russian to show that they were borrowed before Sovietization. The ages given correspond to the period of time from the year of arrival of the first Russians on the Lena until the establishment of Soviet power in Yakutia. As a matter of fact, however, Pekarskij left Yakutia at the end of the 19th century; therefore, some words that entered the Sakha language from 1900-1920 may erroneously have been classified by us as ‘Soviet Russian’. However, since the kind of contact was very different between the pre-Soviet and the Soviet eras, this would affect at most a couple of words. Pekarskij, Ėdvard Karlovič 1958-1959 [1907-1930]. Slovar’ jakutskogo jazyka. [Dictionary of Yakut.] Facsimile reprint of the first edition. No place indicated: Otdelenie literatury i jazyka Akademii Nauk SSSR, Jakutskij filial Akademii Nauk SSSR. |
