WOLD - Word: kuchillu

Loanword Information
Borrowed status Borrowed status The status of the Spanish and Quechua loanwords that show similarity in form and function with the donor language has been rated 4 (“clearly borrowed”). Gününa loanwords have been rated 4 (“clearly borrowed”), when their use has been recognized by our current consultants. The loans that appear in the bibliography, but have not been recognized by the consultants are rated 1 or 2 (“very little evidence for borrowing” or “perhaps borrowed”). :	1. clearly borrowed
Source words:	cuchillo 'the knife', from Spanish
Reference(s) Reference(s) Augusta, Félix José de. 1903. Gramática araucana. Valdivia: Imprenta Central L. Lampert. Benigar, Juan. 1926. La autoridad del padre Falkner. Boletín de la Junta de Historia y Numismática Americana Nº 3: 67-88, Buenos Aires. Benigar, Juan. 1983. El indio araucano. Neuquén. Historia. Geografía. Toponimia. Dir. Gregorio Álvarez, Gobierno de la Provincia de Neuquén, t. 3: 201-273, Neuquén. Bertonio, Ludovico. 1879. Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara. Primera parte: castellano-aymara. Segunda parte: aymara-castellano. Facsimile edition by Julio Platzmann. Leipzig: Teubner, 2 volumes. Casamiquela, Rodolfo M. 1962. El contacto Araucano-Gününa Kena. Influencias recíprocas en sus producciones espirituales. Actas de Jornadas Internacionales de Arqueología y Etnografía "Vinculaciones de los aborígenes argentinos con los de los países limítrofes", 11 al 15 de noviembre de 1957, Buenos Aires, 83-97. Casamiquela, Rodolfo M. 1987a. Pelajes criollos. Revista Patagónica, Año VII, Nº 32, octubre: 19-32, Buenos Aires. Casamiquela-1987b. Toponimia indígena del Chubut, Publicación del Gobierno de la Provincia del Chubut, Rawson, 170 págs. Claraz, Jorge.1988. Diario de un viaje de exploración al Chubut 1865-1866. Estudio preliminar y mapa: Rodolfo Casamiquela. Traducción del vocabulario y apéndice, bibliografía y epílogo: Meinrado Hux. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Marymar, 191 págs. Díaz Fernández, Antonio. 2004. Panorama dialectal mapuche en la Provincia de Chubut. Congreso Internacional “Políticas culturales e integración regional”, Buenos Aires, 30 March- 2 April, 2004. Díaz-Fernandez, Antonio. 1998. Una aproximación al análisis del epew. In: Lingüística y literatura mapuche. Aproximaciones desde ambos lados de los Andes. Trabajos del Primer Simposio Binacional de Lingüística y Literatura Indígenas, edited by Lucía Golluscio and Yosuke Kuramochi, pp. 79-86. Buenos Aires: Universidad de Buenos Aires and Universidad Católica de Temuco. Falkner, Thomas. 1774. A description of Patagonia and the adjoining parts of South America, containing an account of the soil, products, animals, vales, mountains, rivers, alkes, etc. of those countries; the religion, government, policy, customs, dress, arms, and language of the Indian inhabitants; and some particulars to Falkland’s Islands. Hereford: C. Pugh, iv + 144 pags. Febrés, Andrés. 1884 [1765]. Gramática Araucana, o sea, Arte de la Lengua General de los Indios de Chile, reproducción de la edición de Lima de 1765, con los textos completos, por Juan M. Lársen, impreso por Juan A. Alsina. Fernández Garay, Ana V. 2001. Ranquel-Español/ Español-Ranquel. Diccionario de una variedad Mapuche de la pampa (Argentina) (Indigenous Languages of Latin America. Vol. 2). Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS). Fernández Garay, Ana V. 1998. El mapuche del Chalía: aspectos dialectológicos. Presentado en las VII Jornadas de Lengua y Literatura mapuche, Temuco, Universidad de La Frontera. Golluscio, Lucía 2006: El Pueblo Mapuche. Poéticas de pertenencia y devenir. Buenos Aires: Ed. Biblos. Harrington, Tomás. 1912-1955. Cuadernos I (pp. 1-178) and II (pp. 1-176) (MS.) Fondo Documental del Programa Pilcaniyeu, CENPAT-CONICET. Havestadt, Bernardo. 1883 [1777]. Chilidúgú sive Tractatus Linguae Chilensis, 2 vols. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. Key, Mary Ritchie. 1984ff. Intercontinental Dictionary Series. South American languages database. Mapudungun. Lenz, Rodolfo.1905-1910. Los elementos indios del castellano de Chile. Estudio lingüístico y etnológico. Diccionario etimológico de las voces chilenas derivadas de lenguas indígenas americanas. Anexo a los Anales de la Universidad de Chile. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Cervantes. Márquez Eyzaguirre, Luis. 1955. “Intromisión de la lengua quechua en Chile”. Anales de la Universidad Católica deValparaíso, Nº 3, Año 1956, pp. 1-237. Middendorf, E. W. 1890. Wöterbuch des Runa Simi oder der Ketshua Sprache. Unter Berücksichtigung der früheren Werke nach eigenen Studien bearbeitet. (Quoted in Lenz 1905-1910). Payne, David & Robert Croese. 1988. “On Mapudungun linguistic affiliations: an evaluation of previous proposals and evidence for an Arawakan relationship.” Perú: SIL. Ms. Paper read at the 46th International Congress of Americanists, July 1988, Amsterdam. Ramos i Duarte, Félix. 1898. Diccionario de mejicanismos. Colección de locuciones I frases viciosas con sus correspondientes crìticas. Segunda edición. Mexico. Religiosos franciscanos misioneros de los Colegios de Propaganda Fide del Perú. 1998 [1905]. Vocabulario políglota incaico. Quechua, Aimara, Castellano. Edited by Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino. Lima: Ministerio de Educación de Perú. Rosas, Juan Manuel de. 1947. Gramática y diccionario de la lengua pampa (pampa-ranquel-araucano). Edición y notas de Oscar R. Suárez Cavuglia y Enrique Stieben. Prólogo de manuel Gálvez. Buenos Aires: Editorial Albatros, 303 págs. Smeets, Catharina Ineke. 1989. A Mapuche Grammar. Doctoral Dissertation. Leiden: University of Leiden. Tello, Eliseo A. 1946. Toponimia araucana del Territorio de La Pampa. Ingeniero Luiggi: Bibliotevca popular y centro recreativo y cultural “Juan B. Alberdi”, 159 págs. Tschudi, J. J. von. 1884. Organismus der Khetshua Sprache. Leipzig: Brockhaus. Valdivia, Luis de.1606. Arte y Gramática General de la lengua que corre en todo el Reyno de Chile, Lima: Francisco del Canto. Viegas Barros, J. Pedro. 2005. “Los préstamos del gününa küne al mapudungun.” In: Voces en el viento, Raíces lingüísticas de la Patagonia. Colección “El Suri”. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Mondragón, 153-163. Viegas Barros, J. Pedro. 2008. La dialectología de la lengua mapudungun en la Argentina: panorama bibliográfico. (MS.) Zúñiga, Fernando. 2000. Mapudungun. Münster: LINCOM. Zúñiga, Fernando. 2006. Mapudungun. El habla mapuche. Santiago de Chile: Centro de Estudios Públicos. :	de Augusta 1916, 93
Effect:	Insertion
Integration:	1. Highly integrated
Salience:	present in pre-contact environment
Contact situation:	Contact with Spanish Contact with Spanish The first contact with Spanish dates back to 1536 when Pedro de Valdivia and the Spanish army invaded the Mapocho Valley, founding the city of Santiago de Chile. During the 16th century Chile’s indigenous population is estimated to have reached one million, and the Mapuche living between the Elqui Valley and the Island of Chiloé at around 600,000. The Mapuche are one of the last indigenous peoples in the Americas to resist European subjugation until the end of the 19th century. For more than three centuries the Mapuche fought against the Whites – first the Spaniards, and then the Chilean and Argentine national armies. It was only after 1880 that the Mapuche on both sides of the Andes were conclusively defeated (Smeets 1989, Golluscio 2006).; When the Spaniards invaded Chile, they easily conquered the indigenous territories formerly occupied by the Inca. However, the Mapuche south of the Bío-Bío River fiercely resisted Spanish attempts to establish forts and towns, attacking and destroying the conquerors’ settlements in the Araucanian territory again and again (Cooper 1946:696). As Jofré says, “The war of the Arauco cost Spain more than all the conquest of America” (cited in Smeets 1989:6).; In the mid-17th century, the king of Spain recognized Mapuche sovereignty from the Bío-Bío River to the town of Valdivia. This treaty allowed them to retain their language and own cultural practices over a long period, in addition to incorporating Spanish agricultural techniques and tools for the adoption of European plants and foods. ; Particularly important in the Mapuche’s expansion to the eastern Andean territories and in their struggle against the Spaniards was the adoption and use of the horse in the early post-conquest period. This allowed them freedom of movement in their military campaigns, a means to cover wider distances, and a systematic exchange with peoples east of the Andes. Up to the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century, the interaction between peoples on both sides of the Andes was firmly established. ; From the foundation of the nation-states in Argentina and in Chile in the second half of the 19th century, their population and economic development policies did not promote the integration of the indigenous peoples, but rather fostered their exclusion and extermination. Military attacks both in Chile and in Argentina defeated them after years of resistance. The pre-existing treaties were disregarded, the survivors were forced to occupy the poorest land, and the culture and language of their ancestors could only be practiced in domestic and inner domains. Hiding strategies were widely implemented by the Mapuche people. As in the rest of the Americas, language and culture have been transmitted through subjacent channels, “the deep rivers”, in the words of the Peruvian anthropologist and writer José Arguedas (Arguedas 1958).; However, the ongoing pressure of Spanish has been strong and the preservation of Mapudungun has become increasingly more difficult. In the 1990s, Salas emphasized the significant number of Mapuche people in Chile who were neither competent in Mapudungun nor in Spanish (Salas 1992). In Argentina, military domination was accompanied by a systematic and efficient Hispanicizing monolingual national program of primary education throughout the country that partly contributed to narrowing the domains to use the indigenous languages.

kuchillu

a word from Vocabulary Mapudungun

General Information
Word form:	kuchillu
LWT meaning(s):	the knife(1) the knife(2)
Analyzability:	unanalyzable
Age Age The exact age of the words in languages with oral tradition, and especially in the case of isolate languages, is difficult to determine. The year 1606, following the publication of the first grammar of this language (Valdivia 1606), is the earliest milestone in Mapudungun documentation. All the words and loanwords that Valdivia collected have been labeled Pre-1606. This category includes most of the Quechua loans, which were introduced prior to Spanish colonization (1536), or immediately afterwards. All Spanish loanwords concerning national institutions and the constitution of citizenship, such as schools, hospitals, the post office, health, and armed forces recruitment, can be traced to 1884, following the final defeat of the Mapuche peoples in Chile and Argentina, and the incorporation of the survivors into national society. The loanwords related to modern technology are included in the Post-1884 category. Gününa loanwords fall into the category “no information”. :	Post-1606 (1607–1883)