WOLD - Word: ħar’r’əm

Loanword Information
Borrowed status Borrowed status Very little evidence for borrowing: a word has Arabic phonological and/or morphological features, but no source could be established. This may either mean lack of documentation (but Maghribine Arabic boasts very good dictionaries), or an expressive derivation from some non-identified item. Perhaps borrowed: I do not believe the proposed etymology, but I cannot rule it out altogether. Probably borrowed: I suppose it is a borrowing, but feel there are problems. :	1. clearly borrowed
Source words:	ħər’r’əm 'forbid', from Arabic (Moroccan) < ħarrama 'interdict', from Classical Arabic
Effect:	Replacement
Salience:	Present in pre-contact environment
Contact situation:	Widespread Moroccan Arabic bilingualism Widespread Moroccan Arabic bilingualism In Northern Africa, Arabic has been the dominant language for a long period. This does not mean that the social circumstances under which borrowing took place are easy to reconstruct. In pre-colonial times, there never was a policy aiming at the introduction of Arabic in other than religious and literary contexts, and dialectal Arabic – the main donor of Arabic lexicon in Tarifiyt – never had any special status. During most of its history, this part of Morocco recognized the religious authority of the Moroccan sultan, but did not submit to his secular power. Thus, political dominance of speakers of Arabic was only rarely an issue in the Tarifiyt speaking country before Morocco regained its independence in 1956.

ħar’r’əm

a word from Vocabulary Tarifiyt Berber

General Information
Word form Word form The transcription system has been adapted to the technical and scientific context of the database. The following conventions have been used: First column: My WOLD usage Second column: IPA Third column: Standard linguistic transcription of Tarifiyt Fourth column: Official Tarifiyt orthography (Lafkioui 1997) ā a: ā ar, er, re ā’ a:ˁ ạ̄ aṛ, eṛ, ṛe ƀ β ḇ b č ʧ č lt ç ɕ ḵ k, y d’ dˁ ḍ ḍ đ δ ḏ d đ’ δˁ ḏ̣ ḍ ə ə e e ǧǧ ʤ(:) ǧǧ ll ħ ħ ḥ ḥ ia ea ia ir l’ lˁ ḷ ḷ r ɾ r r r’ ɾˁ ṛ ṛ ř r ř l š ʃ š c, k s’ sˁ ṣ ṣ ŧ θ ṯ ṯ t’ tˁ ṭ ṭ ua oa ua ur y j y y z’ zˁ ẓ ẓ ž ʒ ž j ʔ ʔ ’ ’ ʕ ʕ ɛ ɛ Lafkioui, Mena. 1997. Propositions pour la notation usuelle à base latine du rifain. Paris: INALCO. :	ħar’r’əm
LWT meaning(s):	to forbid
Grammatical info:	verb
Comments on word Comments on word This field sometimes contains references to LWT meanings which contain words which belong to the same root as the word under consideration. :	cf. LWT 2,25=2,251=2,26=2,261; 18,38
Analyzability Analyzability In this field, simple nouns have been treated as unanalyzable. As the great majority of nouns have in fact an analyzable morphological structure, it would have been possible to make a different decision. :	unanalyzable
Age Age In the Age field, I do not go beyond Common Berber; reconstructions of earlier levels (Proto-Afroasiatic) have not been taken into account. The assignment of ages to non-borrowed words has been done intuitively; if I happened to know that the word is well-attested in Berber, it was assigned to the Common Berber age (which means: possibly reconstructible into Proto-Berber), otherwise I chose "No Information". In cases where the non-borrowed word contains loan phonemes from Arabic, as is usual in expressive formations, it was of course possible to date the word in its current word form to a period when Arabic was a factor in the Maghreb, and the age "Islamic Period" was assigned. :	[help] Islamic period This age is chosen if the word has phonological features which it can only have acquired through influence of Arabic. This concerns mainly the introduction of loan phonemes for expressive purposes (this is a very typical Berber device – if you want to make something more expressive, or to avoid certain terms, you add a loan consonant, or you substitute a consonant by a loan consonant). (700–2007)