WOLD - Word: nungkuru

Loanword Information
Borrowed status:	1. clearly borrowed
Comments:	No lenition evidence of age
Source words:	nungguru 'hand', from Wardaman
Effect:	Coexistence
Salience:	No information
Other comments:	Also found in Nungali niya-nungguru ‘ his hand’
Contact situation:	Wardaman contact Wardaman contact Among hunter-gatherers in this area before the European invasion, language territories were generally stable, and boundaries were backed up by mythological charters embodied in song and ceremony. However, multilingualism was very prevalent. People married out of the language group as well as inside it, and often moved for periods to and through other language groups’ country visiting relations, attending ceremonies and foraging. Contact between Gurindji people and the Pama-Nyungan and Non-Pama-Nyungan neighbors has been and remains strong, and this is reflected in loanwords in both directions, but predominantly from Non-Pama-Nyungan to Eastern Ngumpin.

nungkuru

a word from Vocabulary Gurindji

General Information
Word form:	nungkuru
LWT meaning(s):	the elbow
Word meaning:	elbow
Comments on word:	jukuputu, julkuputu,juutu also
Analyzability:	unanalyzable
Age Age The dates given here are only very rough guesses. 1. PNy Proto-Pama-Nyungan: 4000 BCE +/- 1000y Stages of higher level sub-groups of PNy follow but ate not used in this database. 2. PNGY Proto-Ngumpin-Yapa: 1000 BCE -/- 500y Sound change: lateralisation r>rl (McConvell & Laughren 2004; McConvell & Smith 2005) 3. E. Ngumpin pre-Lenition and Lenition 1000BCE-1000CE +/-500y (a)Pre-lenition: 1000 BCE-500CE +/-500y (a) Eastern Ngumpin Lenition p,k>w;j>y; rt>r 500CE-1000CE +/- 500y (individual changes may have had different periods) 4. Post-lenition 1000 – 1880 CE (a) Loanwords from northern Non-Pama-Nyungan languages (unlenited) (b) Loanwords from western NGY languages (unlenited) (c) Loanwords from Mudburra/Karranga (with –a augmentation) These may have had different periods but overlapping. They also continued into the following period 5. 5. Post-contact 1880-2000 CE Includes Pidgin and English loans. :	Proto-Victoria river Eastern Ngumpin (500–1000)