WOLD - Word: puma (1)

Loanword Information
Borrowed status Borrowed status The status of the Spanish and Quechua loanwords that show similarity in form and function with the donor language has been rated 4 (“clearly borrowed”). Gününa loanwords have been rated 4 (“clearly borrowed”), when their use has been recognized by our current consultants. The loans that appear in the bibliography, but have not been recognized by the consultants are rated 1 or 2 (“very little evidence for borrowing” or “perhaps borrowed”). :	1. clearly borrowed
Source words:	puma 'puma', from Quechua
Reference(s) Reference(s) Augusta, Félix José de. 1903. Gramática araucana. Valdivia: Imprenta Central L. Lampert. Benigar, Juan. 1926. La autoridad del padre Falkner. Boletín de la Junta de Historia y Numismática Americana Nº 3: 67-88, Buenos Aires. Benigar, Juan. 1983. El indio araucano. Neuquén. Historia. Geografía. Toponimia. Dir. Gregorio Álvarez, Gobierno de la Provincia de Neuquén, t. 3: 201-273, Neuquén. Bertonio, Ludovico. 1879. Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara. Primera parte: castellano-aymara. Segunda parte: aymara-castellano. Facsimile edition by Julio Platzmann. Leipzig: Teubner, 2 volumes. Casamiquela, Rodolfo M. 1962. El contacto Araucano-Gününa Kena. Influencias recíprocas en sus producciones espirituales. Actas de Jornadas Internacionales de Arqueología y Etnografía "Vinculaciones de los aborígenes argentinos con los de los países limítrofes", 11 al 15 de noviembre de 1957, Buenos Aires, 83-97. Casamiquela, Rodolfo M. 1987a. Pelajes criollos. Revista Patagónica, Año VII, Nº 32, octubre: 19-32, Buenos Aires. Casamiquela-1987b. Toponimia indígena del Chubut, Publicación del Gobierno de la Provincia del Chubut, Rawson, 170 págs. Claraz, Jorge.1988. Diario de un viaje de exploración al Chubut 1865-1866. Estudio preliminar y mapa: Rodolfo Casamiquela. Traducción del vocabulario y apéndice, bibliografía y epílogo: Meinrado Hux. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Marymar, 191 págs. Díaz Fernández, Antonio. 2004. Panorama dialectal mapuche en la Provincia de Chubut. Congreso Internacional “Políticas culturales e integración regional”, Buenos Aires, 30 March- 2 April, 2004. Díaz-Fernandez, Antonio. 1998. Una aproximación al análisis del epew. In: Lingüística y literatura mapuche. Aproximaciones desde ambos lados de los Andes. Trabajos del Primer Simposio Binacional de Lingüística y Literatura Indígenas, edited by Lucía Golluscio and Yosuke Kuramochi, pp. 79-86. Buenos Aires: Universidad de Buenos Aires and Universidad Católica de Temuco. Falkner, Thomas. 1774. A description of Patagonia and the adjoining parts of South America, containing an account of the soil, products, animals, vales, mountains, rivers, alkes, etc. of those countries; the religion, government, policy, customs, dress, arms, and language of the Indian inhabitants; and some particulars to Falkland’s Islands. Hereford: C. Pugh, iv + 144 pags. Febrés, Andrés. 1884 [1765]. Gramática Araucana, o sea, Arte de la Lengua General de los Indios de Chile, reproducción de la edición de Lima de 1765, con los textos completos, por Juan M. Lársen, impreso por Juan A. Alsina. Fernández Garay, Ana V. 2001. Ranquel-Español/ Español-Ranquel. Diccionario de una variedad Mapuche de la pampa (Argentina) (Indigenous Languages of Latin America. Vol. 2). Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS). Fernández Garay, Ana V. 1998. El mapuche del Chalía: aspectos dialectológicos. Presentado en las VII Jornadas de Lengua y Literatura mapuche, Temuco, Universidad de La Frontera. Golluscio, Lucía 2006: El Pueblo Mapuche. Poéticas de pertenencia y devenir. Buenos Aires: Ed. Biblos. Harrington, Tomás. 1912-1955. Cuadernos I (pp. 1-178) and II (pp. 1-176) (MS.) Fondo Documental del Programa Pilcaniyeu, CENPAT-CONICET. Havestadt, Bernardo. 1883 [1777]. Chilidúgú sive Tractatus Linguae Chilensis, 2 vols. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. Key, Mary Ritchie. 1984ff. Intercontinental Dictionary Series. South American languages database. Mapudungun. Lenz, Rodolfo.1905-1910. Los elementos indios del castellano de Chile. Estudio lingüístico y etnológico. Diccionario etimológico de las voces chilenas derivadas de lenguas indígenas americanas. Anexo a los Anales de la Universidad de Chile. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Cervantes. Márquez Eyzaguirre, Luis. 1955. “Intromisión de la lengua quechua en Chile”. Anales de la Universidad Católica deValparaíso, Nº 3, Año 1956, pp. 1-237. Middendorf, E. W. 1890. Wöterbuch des Runa Simi oder der Ketshua Sprache. Unter Berücksichtigung der früheren Werke nach eigenen Studien bearbeitet. (Quoted in Lenz 1905-1910). Payne, David & Robert Croese. 1988. “On Mapudungun linguistic affiliations: an evaluation of previous proposals and evidence for an Arawakan relationship.” Perú: SIL. Ms. Paper read at the 46th International Congress of Americanists, July 1988, Amsterdam. Ramos i Duarte, Félix. 1898. Diccionario de mejicanismos. Colección de locuciones I frases viciosas con sus correspondientes crìticas. Segunda edición. Mexico. Religiosos franciscanos misioneros de los Colegios de Propaganda Fide del Perú. 1998 [1905]. Vocabulario políglota incaico. Quechua, Aimara, Castellano. Edited by Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino. Lima: Ministerio de Educación de Perú. Rosas, Juan Manuel de. 1947. Gramática y diccionario de la lengua pampa (pampa-ranquel-araucano). Edición y notas de Oscar R. Suárez Cavuglia y Enrique Stieben. Prólogo de manuel Gálvez. Buenos Aires: Editorial Albatros, 303 págs. Smeets, Catharina Ineke. 1989. A Mapuche Grammar. Doctoral Dissertation. Leiden: University of Leiden. Tello, Eliseo A. 1946. Toponimia araucana del Territorio de La Pampa. Ingeniero Luiggi: Bibliotevca popular y centro recreativo y cultural “Juan B. Alberdi”, 159 págs. Tschudi, J. J. von. 1884. Organismus der Khetshua Sprache. Leipzig: Brockhaus. Valdivia, Luis de.1606. Arte y Gramática General de la lengua que corre en todo el Reyno de Chile, Lima: Francisco del Canto. Viegas Barros, J. Pedro. 2005. “Los préstamos del gününa küne al mapudungun.” In: Voces en el viento, Raíces lingüísticas de la Patagonia. Colección “El Suri”. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Mondragón, 153-163. Viegas Barros, J. Pedro. 2008. La dialectología de la lengua mapudungun en la Argentina: panorama bibliográfico. (MS.) Zúñiga, Fernando. 2000. Mapudungun. Münster: LINCOM. Zúñiga, Fernando. 2006. Mapudungun. El habla mapuche. Santiago de Chile: Centro de Estudios Públicos. :	Márquez Eyzaguirre 1955
Effect:	Coexistence
Integration:	3. Unintegrated
Salience:	Present in pre-contact environment
Contact situation:	Contact with Quechua Contact with Quechua Contact with Quechua dates back to pre-Hispanic periods. In the mid-15th century, under Tupac Yupanqui, the Inca – in their plan for expansion to the south – invaded northern Chile and occupied the Mapuche territories reaching as far as the Maule River. Before long, the territory between the Copiapo Valley and the Maule River was politically incorporated into the Inca kollasuyu ‘southern empire’ (Mostny 1992). The imperial army followed by imperial officials and settlers imposed Inca rule and socio-cultural organization, the payment of tributes and taxes, and their language, Quechua, on the Mapuche people living in the area. This population also adopted Andean agricultural technology and soft metal working technology (for gold, silver, and copper). They were incorporated into the communal and collective work imposed by the Inca Empire and its socioeconomic system, as laborers, artisans, and soldiers. Finally, after strong resistance, by 1480 the central Mapuche repelled the Inca invasion, preventing the Inca army from conquering the local population south the Bío-Bío River. ; Inca domination was relatively brief since the Inca Empire collapsed around 1520 owing to the Spanish conquest. However, during the colonial domination, contact with Quechua may have continued through Quechua speakers who joined or were forced to join the Spanish army.; Although the Inca system had been fully installed in territories north of the Maule River and contact with Quechua continued during the colonial period, Inca cultural and linguistic influence on the Mapuche living south of the Itata and Bío-Bío Rivers was not profound (Cooper 1946). However, traces of this first contact can be found in a set of Quechua words borrowed in Mapudungun (see 5.2. and the Appendix). Finally, the presence of Quechua loanwords in the Ranquel variety, as well as the Mapudungun loanwords documented in the variety of Quechua spoken in northwestern Argentina (Nardi 1962), confirm the pre- and post-conquest relationship between the inhabitants of Argentina’s northwestern region and the Pampa and Patagonia regions.

puma (1)

a word from Vocabulary Mapudungun

General Information
Word form:	puma (1)
LWT meaning(s):	the lion
Word meaning:	puma (Felis concolor )
Analyzability:	unanalyzable
Age Age The exact age of the words in languages with oral tradition, and especially in the case of isolate languages, is difficult to determine. The year 1606, following the publication of the first grammar of this language (Valdivia 1606), is the earliest milestone in Mapudungun documentation. All the words and loanwords that Valdivia collected have been labeled Pre-1606. This category includes most of the Quechua loans, which were introduced prior to Spanish colonization (1536), or immediately afterwards. All Spanish loanwords concerning national institutions and the constitution of citizenship, such as schools, hospitals, the post office, health, and armed forces recruitment, can be traced to 1884, following the final defeat of the Mapuche peoples in Chile and Argentina, and the incorporation of the survivors into national society. The loanwords related to modern technology are included in the Post-1884 category. Gününa loanwords fall into the category “no information”. :	Post-1883 (1884–2007)